Endwara zitakamaraho endwara nka obuhumbi 3 nari n’okukiraho, omuti ogu gukahwera omu kwombeka America erimu amakorero. Kubaasa kugaruraho ekitiinisa kyabo ekyabuzire, nitubaasa kwetenga kwakira obuhangwa n’okububoneza.
Obwire obumwe omu mwaka gwa 1989, Herbert Darling akatunga esimu: Omuhiigi akamugira ngu akabugana omuti mureingwa gw’omuti gw’omu Amerika aha itaka rya Darling omu kihanga kya Zor omu burengyerwa izooba bwa New York. Darling akaba namanya ngu emiti y’ebishaka ekaba eri gumwe aha miti erikukirayo obukuru omu kicweka ekyo. Kandi akaba naamanya ngu obukooko oburikwita bukaba buri haihi kucwekyereza ebika ebyo kumara emyaka erikurenga omu kikumi n’ekicweka. Ku yaahuriire ripoota y’omuhiigi ngu akareeba ekinyonyi ekihuriire, omuti gw’ekinyonyi ekyo gukaba guri fuuti ibiri oburaingwa kandi gukahika aha kyombeko ky’emyanya etaano, akakibuuzabuuza. “Tindikuhamya yaaba ninyikiriza ngu naamanya eki kiri,” Darling nikwo arikugira.
Darling ku yaashangire omuti, kikaba kiri nk’okureeba ekishushani ky’omu ngano. Akagira ati: “Kikaba kihikire munonga kandi kihikire kukora eky’okureeberaho-kikaba kiri kirungi munonga.” Kwonka Darling nawe akareeba ngu omuti gukaba nigufa. Kuruga omu kutandika kw’emyaka ya 1900, kikakwatwa endwara niyo emwe, erikuteekateekwaho kuba yaafeereire abantu obuhumbi 3 nari n’okukiraho ahabw’endwara nk’ezo. Egi niyo ndwara y’okubanza erikureetwa abantu kandi erikukira kucwekyereza emiti omu byafaayo bya hati. Darling akateekateeka, ku araabe atarikubaasa kujuna omuti ogwo, waakiri naija kujuna embibo zagwo. Hariho ekizibu kimwe kyonka: omuti tiguine eki gurikukora ahabwokuba tihariho miti endiijo y’ebishaka eri haihi erikubaasa kuguteera obujuma.
Darling ni inginiya orikukoresa emiringo ya inginiya kushoborora ebizibu. Omu kwezi kwa mukaaga okwakuratsireho, obu ebimuri bya kyenju ebirikwiragura byajanjaire aha rubaju rw’omuti ogwa kinyasi, Darling akaijuza amasasi g’amasasi n’esaano y’amasasi, eyaabaire neeruga omu bimuri by’abashaija eby’omuti ogundi ogw’omuti gwa chestnut ogu yaabaire ayegire, kandi yaavuga yaaza omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho. Kikatwara eshaaha n’ekicweka. Omuti ogu akaguteera amasasi ari omu ndegye ei yaapangiise. (Aine kampuni y’okwombeka erikutunguuka kandi erikubaasa kugura ebintu by’omuhendo.) Okuteeraho oku kukaremwa. Omwaka ogwakuratsireho, Darling akagaruka yagyezaho. Omurundi ogu, we na mutabani we bakakurura ekikondo ekyo baaza aha bishaka ebyabaire biri ahaiguru y’orushozi kandi baayombeka ekitebe ky’okuteereraho ekiine oburaingwa bwa fuuti 80 omu wiiki ezirikurenga ibiri. Mukundwa wangye akatemba omukingo, yaasiimura ebimuri n’ebimuri ebiri nk’enzigye aha muti ogundi ogw’ekishaka.
Omu kugwa okwo, amataagi g’omuti gwa Darling gakarugamu ebihimba ebishwekirwe amahwa ga kinyasi. Amahwa aga gakaba gari maingi kandi gaine obushaarizi n’ahabw’ekyo bakaba nibabaasa kuhabisa ngu n’ebishaka. Okugyesha tikuri kwingi, hariho enjuma nka 100, kwonka Darling abahingaho ezimwe kandi yaahamya amatsiko. We na munywani we nabo bakakwatanisa na Charles Maynard na William Powell, abanyabwengye babiri omu by’obuzaarwa bw’emiti aha ishomero ry’eby’obuhangwa n’ebibira erya Yunivasite ya New York omuri Syracuse (Chuck na Bill bakafa). Juba aha bakatandikaho omurimo gw’okucondooza aha bihingwa bya chestnut ogw’esente nkye. Darling akabaha ebihimba bya chestnuts kandi yashaba abanyasayansi ngu nibabaasa kubikoresa kubigarurayo. Darling akagira ati: “Eki nikireebeka nk’ekintu kikuru munonga.” “Ekicweka kyona eky’oburugwa-izooba bwa Amerika.” Kwonka bwanyima y’emyaka mikye, omuti gwe wenka gukafa.
Kuruga obu Abanyaburaaya batandika kutuura omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Amerika, ekitebyo ekirikukwata aha bibira by’omu nsi egi kikaba nikifeerwa munonga. Kwonka ekiteiso kya Darling hati nikitwarwa baingi nk’ekimwe aha migisha erikuha amatsiko g’okutandika kugaruka kureeba ekitebyo – aha kutandika kw’omwaka ogu, Templeton World Charity Foundation ekataho Maynard na Powell’s The purojekiti ekaha ebyafaayo byayo ebikuru, kandi okuteeraho oku kukabaasa kusheenya omurimo mukye ogwabaire nigutwara miriyooni zirikurenga 300 eza doola. Kikaba kiri ekiconco kihango munonga ekyahairwe yunivasite. Okucondooza kw’abanyabwengye omu by’obuzaarwa nikugyema abanyabwengye omu by’obuhangwa kureebana n’amatsiko omu muringo musya kandi obumwe ogutarikushemeza, ngu okuhunduuza ensi y’obuhangwa tikirikumanyisa okugaruka omu musiri gwa Edeni ogutaine kabi koona. Kureka, nikibaasa kumanyisa okwikiriza omurimo ogu twatwaire: inginiya wa buri kimwe otwariiremu n’obuhangwa.
Amababi ga Chestnut nigakiraho kandi gaine ameino, kandi nigashushana n’obucweka bubiri obukye obw’omuti gwa kinyasi obukwataniise omugongo n’omugongo kuhika aha mutsi gwa rwagati gw’eibabi. Aha muheru gumwe, amababi abiri gakwataniise n’ekiti. Aha rubaju orundi, nizikora omutwe ogurikwotsya, ogurikukira kugoma aha rubaju. Enkora egi etarikuteekateekwaho neesharaho ebishaka n’omushenyi ebitarikugamba omu kibira, kandi okuteekateeka okutarikuteekateekwaho kw’abahiigi kukareetera abantu kuteekateeka, kubaijutsya orugyendo rwabo orurikurabira omu kibira ekyabaire kiine emiti mingi y’amaani.
Nitubaasa kwetegyereza gye emiti egi ahabw’ebitabo n’okwijuka. Lucille Griffin, omukuru w’ekitongore ky’eby’amagara ekya American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, rimwe akahandiika ngu okwo noija kureeba ebimuri by’ebishaka biri eby’obugaiga munonga ngu omu bwire bw’enjura, ebimuri ebiri nk’ekirimu, ebiri omu murongooti aha muti “nk’ebicu by’ebicupuri ebyabaire nibigurukaguruka aha rubaju rw’orushozi”, ekirikureetaho okwijuka ishekuru. Omu bwire bw’omushana, omuti nigwija kugaruka guturike, omurundi ogu n’ebihimba ebirikucumita ebirikushweka oburungi. Thoreau owaabaire aine amaani akahandiika omu kitabo “Walden” ati: “Ebihimba bya chestnut ku byabaire bihiire, nkaba nteerana ekicweka kya bushel omu bwire bw’obutiti.” “Omu bwire obwo, kikaba nikishemeza munonga kugyendera omu kibira ky’ebishaka ekitaine bugarukiro omuri Lincoln omu bwire obwo.”
Ebihimba nibyesigwa munonga. Obutashushana n’emiti ya oak erikuteera ebihimba omu myaka mikye yonka, emiti ya chestnut neereeta ebirimwa bingi by’ebihimba buri kugwa. Ebihimba nabyo nibyanguhi kuganywa: noobaasa kubisheenya okarye ebibisi. (Gyezaho kukoresa ebihimba ebirimu ebiriisa bingi-nari otakikora.) Buri omwe narya ebihimba: empunu, enkongoro, edubu, ekinyonyi, omuntu. Abahingi nibareka empunu zaabo kandi batunga ebishaju omu kibira. Omu bwire bwa Noiri, egaari z’omwika eziijwire ebihimba zikaba ziruga omu nshozi ziza omu rurembo. Eego, buzima bakayokibwa omuriro gw’omuriro. William L. Bray, omukuru w’eishomero eri Maynard na Powell bwanyima baakoreiremu akagira ati: “Nikigambwa ngu omu bicweka ebimwe, abahingi nibatunga esente nyingi kuruga omu kuguza ebihimba by’omukishaka kukira ebindi bintu byona eby’obuhingi.” Kihandiikirwe omu mwaka gwa 1915. Nigwo muti gw’abantu, ogurikukira obwingi nigumera omu kibira.
Kandi neetuha ebirikukira aha by’okurya byonka. Emiti ya Chestnut neebaasa kuhika fuuti 120, kandi fuuti 50 ez’okubanza tizirikuteganisibwa amataagi nari enkwato. Eki nikyo kirooto ky’abatemi b’embaaho. N’obu kiraabe kitari kiti ekirikukirayo oburungi nari ekigumire, nikikura juba munonga, na munonga kyagaruka kimera bwanyima y’okukishara kandi kitarikuvunda. Obu okuhangaara kw’ebikwato by’egari y’omwika n’emiti y’amasimu kukaba nikukira okushemeza, Chestnut akahwera omu kwombeka America eyabaire erimu amakorero. Enkumi n’enkumi z’ebibiiko, ebishengye by’okuraaramu n’amakanisa ebikozirwe omu nshaho z’ebishaka n’obunaku obu byemereire; omuhandiiki omwe omu mwaka gwa 1915 akateekateeka ngu ogu nigwo muti ogwabaire nigukira kutemwa omuri Amerika.
Omu bicweka ebingi eby’oburengyerwa-izooba-emiti neeruga Mississippi kuhika Maine, kandi kuruga aha rubaju rw’enyanja ya Atlantic kuhika aha mugyera Mississippi-emiti y’ebishaka nayo n’emwe ahariyo. Kwonka omu bibungo bya Appalachian, gukaba guri omuti muhango. Obuhumbi n’obukaikuru bw’ebishaka nibituura omu nshozi ezi.
Nikihikaana ngu Fusarium wilt ekabanza kureebeka omuri New York, niyo muryango gw’okutaahamu omu Bamerika baingi. Omu mwaka gwa 1904, oburwaire obutari bwa buriijo bukashangwa aha kishaka ky’omuti gw’ekishaka ogwabaire guri omu kabi k’okuhwaho omu irwariro ry’enyamaishwa erya Bronx. Abacondoozi bakarahuka kumanya ngu obukooko oburikureeta obukooko oburikwetwa bacteria blight (bwanyima obu bwayetsirwe Cryphonectria parasitica) bukahika aha miti y’Abajapani eyaabaire neeruga aheeru y’ihanga kare munonga omu mwaka gwa 1876. (Obwire obwingi nihaba hariho obwire oburikurenga ahagati y’okutandika kw’ekika ky’ebimera n’okuzoora oburemeezi oburikureebwa butunu.)
Tihakyahingwireho obwire buraingwa abantu omu mahanga agatari gamwe na gamwe bakagira ngu emiti neefa. Omu mwaka gwa 1906, William A. Murrill, omuhangu omu by’ebishaka omu musiri gw’ebimera omuri New York, akahandiika ekicweka ky’okubanza ekya sayansi ekirikukwata aha ndwara egi. Muriel akooreka ngu ekizimba eki nikireetaho oburwaire bw’ebizimba ebirikwiragura aha kishaka ky’omuti gwa chestnut, ekirikuhendera kigushemeize okwehinguririza omuti. Ebirungo n’amaizi ku biraabe bitarikubaasa kugyendera ahaiguru n’ahansi omu bihimba by’ebishaka ebiri ahansi y’ebishaka, buri kimwe ekiri ahaiguru y’empeta y’okufa nikiija kufa.
Abantu abamwe tibarikubaasa kuteekateeka-nari tibarikwenda ngu abandi bateekateekye-omuti ogurikubura omu kibira. Omuri 1911, ekitongore ky’okureeberera abato ekya Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm omuri Pennsylvania, kikaba nikiteekateeka ngu endwara egi “ekaba neekira okutiina kwonka.” Okubaho kw’obwire buraingwa kw’abanyamakuru abatari b’obujunaanizibwa. Faamu egi ekakingwa omu mwaka gwa 1913. Emyaka ebiri enyima, Pennsylvania ekeeta akakiiko k’endwara ya chestnut, akaheebwa obushoboorozi bw’okukoresa doola za America 275,000 (esente nyingi munonga omu bwire obwo), kandi ekarangirira ekipapura ky’obushoboorozi bw’okutwara enkora z’okurwanisa obusaasi obu, otwariiremu n’obugabe bw’okucwekyereza emiti y’abantu buntu. Abanyabwengye omu by’endwara nibahabura ngu emiti yoona ey’ebishaka eiheho omu mairo nkye kuruga omu maisho g’endwara mpango kubaasa kureetaho okuzibira omuriro. Kwonka nikirugamu ngu ekizimba eki nikibaasa kugurukira aha miti etaine ndwara, kandi obukooko bwakyo nibukwatwa omuyaga, ebinyonyi, ebikooko n’abantu. Entebeekanisa egyo ekarekyerwaho.
Omu mwaka gwa 1940, haihi tihaine ebihimba bihango ebyabaire biine oburwaire obu. Obunaku obu, omuhendo gw’obuhumbi bw’empiiha guhweireho. Ahabw’okugira ngu fusarium wilt etarikubaasa kuguma omu itaka, emizi ya chestnut neegumizamu neekura, kandi erikurenga obukaikuru 400 ahariyo neeguma omu kibira. Kwonka Fusarium wilt ekatunga ekiina omu muti gw’omukyere ahu yaabaire neetuura etaine kabi koona aha mugyenyi waayo. Kuruga obwo, nikirahuka kujanjaara omu bihimba bisya by’ebishaka kandi bigaruka biteera ahansi, obwire obwingi bitakahikire omu bwire bw’okumera.
Abarikukora embaaho batungire emiringo endiijo: omuti gwa oak, pine, walnut, n’eishokye. Okushara enyamaishwa, endiijo mirimo mpango erikwegamira aha miti y’ebishaka, ehindwiire yaatandika kukozesa eby’okushara enyamaishwa ebikozirwe abantu. Aha bariisa baingi abooro, tihaine eki barikuhindura: tihaine muti ogundi ogw’obuzaarwa ogurikuha abahingi n’enyamaishwa zaabo ebiriisa n’ebiriisa bingi ebya busha, ebirikwesigwa kandi ebirimu ebiriisa bingi. Chestnut blight neebaasa kugambwa ngu neemaraho omuze gw’okuhinga ogw’abantu ba Appalachian ogw’okwebaisaho, ekirikugyema abantu omu kicweka ekyo kugira eky’okutooranamu ekirikureebwa butunu: kuza omu kirombe ky’amakara nari kuza hare. Omunyabyafaayo Donald Davis akahandiika omu mwaka gwa 2005 ati: “Ahabw’okufa kw’ebishaka, ensi yoona efiire, ekirikumaraho emigyenzo y’okuhona eyabaire eriho omu nshozi za Appalachian kumara ebyasha birikurenga bina.”
Powell akakurira hare n’ebishaka n’ebishaka. Ishe akaheereza omu mahe g’omu mwanya kandi yaaza omu ka ye: Indiana, Florida, Bugirimaani, n’aha rubaju rw’oburugwa-izooba bwa Maryland. N’obu araabe yaamazire obwire buraingwa omuri New York, ebigambo bye bikaguma biri eby’obwesigwa nk’eby’omu Midwest n’okushoroora okutarikureebwa butunu kwonka okurikureebwa omu South. Emicwe ye eyorobi n’omuringo gwe gworobi gw’okutunga ebijwaro nibihwerana, birimu empare za jeans ezirimu okuhinduka kw’eshaati z’ebipande ezirikureebeka nk’ezitarikuhwaho. Ekigambo eki arikukunda munonga n’ekigambo “wow”.
Powell aine entebeekanisa y’okuba omujanjabi w’enyamaishwa kuhitsya obu purofeesa w’eby’obuzaarwa arikumuraganisa amatsiko g’obuhingi busya, oburikwera oburikurugiirira aha bimera ebihindwirwemu eby’obuzaarwa ebirikubaasa kureetaho obushoboorozi bwabyo obw’okuzibira ebikooko n’endwara. “Nkateekateeka nti, wow, ti kirungi kukora ebimera ebirikubaasa kwerinda obukooko, kandi otaine kubifuuhirira omubazi gwona?” Powell nikwo arikugira. “Buzima, ensi yoona terikukuratira ekiteekateeko nikyo kimwe.”
Powell ku yaahikire omu ishomero ry’okuheza emishomo yaabo erya Utah State University omu mwaka gwa 1983, tarafayo. Kwonka, akahika aha kwegaita aha laboratory y’omuhangu omu by’amagara, kandi akaba naakora aha kakoko akarikubaasa kuhenda amaani g’ebizimba by’omubiri. Okuteeraho kwabo okukozesa akakoko aka tikwagyendeire gye munonga: tikarajanjaire kuruga aha muti kuza aha muti ahabwakyo, n’ahabw’ekyo bukaba bwine kuhindurwa ahabw’ebika by’ebizimba by’omubiri bingi munonga. N’obu kiraabe kyabaire kityo, Powell akashemererwa munonga ahabw’ekitebyo ky’omuti muhango ogwagwa ahansi kandi yaaha omuhanda gwa sayansi ogw’okushoboorora okubaho kw’enshobi z’obusaasi ezirikukorwa abantu. Akagira ati: “Ahabw’okugira ngu ebintu byaitu bikaba bitarikutwarwa gye omu nsi yoona, tukareeta obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu butanwa.” "Nkateekateeka nti: Wow, eki nikishemeza. Hariho omugisha gw'okukigarurayo."
Powell tiwe yaabandize kugyezaho kwihaho okufeerwa. Bwanyima y’okushoborokyerwa gye ngu emiti y’ebishaka eya America ekaba neija kuremwa, ekitongore kya USDA kikagyezaho kuhinga emiti y’ebishaka eya China, eya cousin erikukirayo kugumira okukyendeera, kwetegyereza yaaba ekika eki nikibaasa kuza omu mwanya gw’ebishaka bya America. Kwonka ebihimba nibikira kukura aheeru, kandi nibishushana n’emiti y’ebijuma kukira emiti y’ebijuma. Bakaba bakye omu kibira ahabw’emiti y’emizeituuni n’ebindi bihangirwe bihango eby’omuri Amerika. Okukura kwazo nikuzibirwa, nari nizifa busha. Abanyasayansi nabo bakagyezaho kuzaara ebihimba kuruga America na China hamwe, baine amatsiko g’okuzaara omuti ogurimu emitwarize mirungi ahari byombi. Okuteeraho kwa gavumenti kukarema kandi baabireka.
Powell akahendera akozire aha ishomero rya State University erya New York erya sayansi y’eby’obuhangwa n’ebibira, ahu yashangire Chuck Maynard, omuhangu omu by’obuzaarwa owaabaire nabyara emiti omu laboratory. Emyaka mikye enyima, abanyasayansi bakakora ekicweka ky’ebimera eky’okubanza ekyahinduirwe omu nkora y’obuzaarwa-okwongyeraho obutafaari oburikuha etaabe obushoboorozi bw’okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara ahabw’okworeka eby’obuhangwa omu mwanya gw’okubukoresa omu by’obushuubuzi. Maynard (Maynard) akatandika kujwanzya eby’obuhangwa bisya, obwo arikuronda eby’obuhangwa eby’omugasho ebiine akakwate nabyo. Omu bwire obwo, Darling akaba aine embibo ezimwe n’ekizibu: okuhunduuza ebihimba by’omu Amerika.
Omu nkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka y’okuzaara ebimera eby’obuhangwa, abahingi (n’abanyasayansi abahererukireyo) bakazaana ebika ebiine emitwarize erikwenda. Reero, ebiriisa nibitaburwa hamwe omu buhangwa, kandi abantu nibatoorana ebirungo ebirikuraganisa eby’omutindo gw’ahaiguru-ebijuma ebihango, ebirungi munonga nari ebitarikubaasa kukwatwa endwara. Obwire obwingi, nikitwara eminyeeto mingi kubaasa kureetaho ekintu. Enkora egi neegyenda mpora kandi neebuzabuza kakye. Darling akebuuza yaaba omuringo ogu nigwija kurugamu omuti murungi nk’obuhangwa bwe obw’omukibira. Akangira ati: “Ninteekateeka ngu nitubaasa kukora gye.”
Enkora y'obuzaarwa nikimanyisa okutegyeka kwingi: n'obu obuzaarwa bw'omubiri buraabe niburuga omu kika ekitaine kakwate, nibubaasa kutooranwa ahabw'ekigyendererwa kimwe kandi butebwe omu nkora y'obuzaarwa bw'ekihangirwe ekindi. (Ebihangirwe ebiine obutafaari kuruga omu miringo etari emwe n’emwe ‘nibihindurwa.’ Juba aha, abanyasayansi bakozire obukoryo bw’okuhindura butoosha obutafaari bw’ebihangirwe ebi barikwenda kuhindura.) Tekinologiya egi neeraganisa okuhikiirira n’obwangu obutakabahoga. Powell naikiriza ngu eki nikireebeka nk’ekihikire munonga aha miti y’omu Amerika ey’ebishaka, ei arikweta “emiti eri haihi kuhikiirira”-egumire, ndeingwa, kandi erimu eby’okurya bingi, erikwetenga okutereeza kwonka okumanyirwe munonga: okuzibira obukooko oburikureeta obuhuta.
Munywani wangye ikiriza. Akagira ati: “Twine kuba twine ba inginiya omu bizinesi yaitu.” “Kuruga aha kwombeka kuhika aha kwombeka eki n’omuringo gw’okukora ebintu byonka.”
Powell na Maynard nibateekateeka ngu nikibaasa kutwara emyaka ikumi kutunga ebiriisa ebirikuha obukooko oburikurwanisa endwara, bakakora tekinologiya y’okubita omu nkora y’ebishaka, reero bakabikuza. Powell akagira ati: “Nituteebereza kwonka.” "Tihariho oine obuzaarwa bwona oburikuha obuzibu bw'okuzibira obukooko. Buzima tukatandikira omu mwanya ogutarimu kintu kyona."
Darling akashaba obuhwezi kuruga omukitongore kya American Chestnut Foundation, ekitongore ekitari ky’okutunga sente ekyatandikirweho omu kutandika kw’emyaka ya 1980. Omwebembezi waayo akamugira ngu omu kubanza akaba abuzire. Nibeehayo aha kujwanzya ebiriisa kandi nibaguma nibeegyendesereza aha kuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa, ekireetsireho okuhakanisibwa kuruga omu bacondoozi b’eby’obuhangwa. Nahabwekyo, Darling akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekitari ky’okutunga sente kubaasa kuha sente z’okukora emirimo y’okuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa. Powell akagira ngu ekibiina eki kikahandiikira Maynard na Powell cheki y’okubanza ey’okugura doola 30,000. (Omu mwaka gwa 1990, ekibiina ky’eihanga kikahindura kandi kyaikiriza ekibiina ky’okwetaanisaho ekya Darling nk’eitaagi ryakyo ery’okubanza omu ihanga, kwonka abamwe aha banywani baabo bakaba bakiine okubanganisa nari barikuhakanisa kimwe okuhindura eby’obuzaarwa.)
Maynard na Powell bari aha murimo. Haihi ahonaaho, obwire obu baabaire batebeekaniise bukareebeka ngu tiburikubaho. Ekizibu ky’okubanza n’okuteekateeka oku orikubaasa kuhinga ebihimba omu laboratory. Maynard akagyezaho kujwanzya amababi g’ebishaka n’ekirungo ky’okukura omu kikopo ky’ekiveera ekirikwetoorora ekitari ky’amaani, omuringo ogurikukoresibwa kuhinga emiti y’ebishaka. Nikirugamu ngu eki tikirikubaasika. Emiti mitsya terikwija kutunga emizi n’ebihimba kuruga omu butafaari bw’omutaano. Maynard akagira ati: “Ninye mwebembezi omu nsi yoona omu kwita emiti y’ebishaka.” Omucondoozi kuruga omu yunivasite ya Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) aha muheru akegyesa Maynard oku arikubaasa kuruga omu kureetaho obujuma bw’ebishaka kuza omu bihingwa ebirikukurataho omu njuma z’ebishaka aha rurengo rw’okukura.
Okutunga oruzaaro oruhikire-omurimo gwa Powell-nakyo kikahamibwa kuba kigumire. Akamara emyaka mingi arikucondooza aha kirungo ekirikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara kuruga omu nkora y’obuzaarwa bw’ebikyere, kwonka akakireka ahabw’okwerarikiriira ngu abantu nibabaasa kutaikiriza emiti erimu ebikyere. Kandi akasherura n’omubazi ogurikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta obuhuta omu bihimba by’omutiini, kwonka akashanga ngu okurinda omuti nikutwariramu omubazi mwingi (bakashanga haakiri mukaaga). Reero omu mwaka gwa 1997, mugyenzi wangye akagaruka kuruga omu ruteerane rwa sayansi kandi yaahandiika ekicweka ekikye n’oku kyayorekwa. Powell akahandiika omutwe oguine omutwe “Okworeka oxalate oxidase omu bimera ebihindwirwemu nikiha obushoboorozi bw’okurwanisa oxalate n’ebizimba ebirikureeta oxalate”. Powell kuruga omu kucondooza kwe aha kakoko aka, akaba naamanya ngu obukooko oburikwetwa wilt fungi nibureeta oxalic acid kwita ebihimba by’ebishaka kandi bikaguhwera kworoba kuganywa. Powell akamanya ngu ekijuma kya chestnut kyaba nikibaasa kwekorera oxalate oxidase (ekirungo ky’omutaano ekirikubaasa kuhendagura oxalate), obwo nikibaasa kubaasa kwerinda. Akagira ati: “Obwo bukaba buri obwire bwangye bwa Eureka.”
Nikirugamu ngu ebimera bingi biine akarungo akarikubibaasisa kukora oxalate oxidase. Kuruga aha mucondoozi owaagambire orubazo, Powell akatunga omuringo gw’engano. Omwegi orikuheza emishomo ye orikwetwa Linda Polin McGuigan akatunguura tekinologiya ya “gene gun” kubaasa kutandikaho obutafaari bw’omubiri omu nshaho z’ebishaka, aine amatsiko ngu nibubaasa kutaaha omu DNA y’enkwanzi egyo. Oruzaaro rukaguma omu nkari kumara akaire kakye, kwonka bwanyima rwabura. Ekibiina ky’abacondoozi kikareka omuringo ogu kyahindura kyakoresa obukooko obu ira munonga bwakozire omuringo gw’okusharaho DNA y’ebindi bihangirwe n’okutamu ebiriisa byabyo. Omu buhangwa, obukooko obukye nibwongyera aha nkora y’obuzaarwa oburikugyema omugyenyi kukora eby’okurya bya bacteria. Abanyabwengye omu by’obuzaarwa bakataahirira obukooko obu kugira ngu bubaasa kutamu obuzaarwa bwona obu omunyasayansi arikwenda. McGuigan akatunga obushoboorozi bw’okwongera omu muringo ogurikwesigwa ebiriisa by’engaano n’ebiriisa ebirikumanyisa ebiriisa omu nkora y’ebihimba by’omutiini. Puroteni ku erikuba neekyeberwa omu maikorosikopu, puroteni neija kureeta omushana gwa kinyasi, ekirikworeka ngu yaataaha gye. (Tiimu ekarekyera aho kukoresa puroteyini z’okumanyisa-tihariho owaabaire naayenda omuti ogurikubaasa kujwara.) Maynard akeeta omuringo ogwo “ekintu ekirikukirayo oburungi omu nsi.”
Obwire ku bwahingwireho, Maynard na Powell bakombeka omuhanda gw’okuteeraniramu ebishaka, hati ogurikuhika aha myanya mingi y’ekyombeko kirungi munonga eky’okucondooza aha bibira ekyakozirwe omu myaka ya 1960, hamwe n’ekyombeko kisya ekirikumurinkana ekyabaire kiri aheeru y’ekigo “Biotech Accelerator”. Enkora egi neebanza kubamu okutoorana obutafaari oburikuruga omu butafaari oburikushushana (obutafaari oburikukira obwingi obukozirwe omu laboratorio tiburikukora eki, n’ahabw’ekyo tikiine mugasho kuhangaho obutafaari oburikushushana) reero bakatamu obutafaari bw’engano. Obutafaari bw’omunda, nka agar, n’ekintu ekirikushushana n’ekirungo ky’ebishaka ekirikuruga omu nshaka. Abacondooza kubaasa kuhindura embibo ebe omuti, bakayongyeramu ekirungo ky’okukura. Ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebiveera ebiri omu muringo gwa cube ebiine emiti mikye y’ebishaka etaine mizi nibibaasa kuteebwa aha rubaaho ahansi y’etabaaza y’amaani erikumurinkana. Aha muheru, abanyasayansi bakataho ekirungo ky’okukura emizi, baabahinga emiti yaabo ey’okubanza omu biyungu ebiijwire eitaka, kandi baagita omu kishengye ekirikutegyekwa obutagatsi. Tikirikutangaaza kureeba ngu emiti eri omu laboratory eri omu mbeera mbi aheeru. N’ahabw’ekyo, abacondoozi bakabiteerana n’emiti y’omu ishwa kubaasa kutunga ebishushani ebigumire kwonka ebigumire kugyezibwa omu misiri.
Emyaka ebiri enyima, Hannah Pilkey, omwegi orikuheza emishomo ye omu laboratory ya Powell, akanyoreka oku orikubaasa kukora eki. Akahinga obukooko oburikureeta obukooko oburikureeta obuhuta omu kacupa kakye aka pulasitiki akarikwetwa petri dish. Omu muringo ogu ogukingire, obukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikwiragura nibushusha nk’obutari bw’akabi kandi buri haihi kuba burungi. Kigumire kuteekateeka ngu nikyo kirikureeta okufa kw’abantu baingi n’okucwekyerera.
Enkongoro eyabaire eri ahansi ekafukama ahansi, yaahandiika ekicweka kya mirimita itaano eky’akajuma kakye, yaakora ebicweka bishatu ebihikire n’ekikwato ky’okushara, kandi yaasiiga obuhuta aha kihuta. Akabikingaho n’ekipande ky’ekiveera. Akagira ati: “Nikishushana n’ekikwato ky’okuteeraho.” Ahabw’okugira ngu ogu n’omuti ogutarikuzibira “okukyebera”, naateekateeka ngu oburwaire bw’omucungwa nibuija kujanjaara juba kuruga omu mwanya ogu barikuteebwamu obutwa kandi bwanyima bwehinguririze obujuma obukye. Akanshobororera emiti emwe eyabaire erimu obutafaari bw’engano obu yaabaire yaaheza kujanjaba. Oburwaire obu nibugarukira aha kusharaho kwonka, nk’eminwa y’omucungwa egumire eri haihi n’akanwa kakye.
Omu mwaka gwa 2013, Maynard na Powell bakarangirira obusinguzi bwabo omu kucondooza kwa Transgenic Research: emyaka 109 bwanyima y’okuzoora endwara ya chestnut omuri America, bakahangaho emiti erikureebeka nk’erikwerinda, n’obu yaakuba neeteerwa emibazi mingi y’ebizimba ebirikukyendeera. Ahabw’okuha ekitiinisa omugabi waabo w’okubanza kandi ow’obufura, akataho sente zirikwingana doola 250,000, kandi abacondooza batwire nibeeta emiti eiziina rye. Eki nikyetwa omukundwa 58.
Orukiiko rwa buri mwaka orw’ekicweka kya New York eky’ekibiina kya American Chestnut Foundation rukabaho omu hoteeri y’omutaano aheeru ya New Paltz aha Rwamukaaga orurimu enjura omu Kwaikumi 2018. Abantu nka 50 bakateerana hamwe. Orukiiko oru rukaba ruri orukiiko rwa sayansi kandi orukiiko rw’okuhindurana eby’okurya by’ebishaka. Enyima y’ekishengye kikye ky’oruteerane, ba memba bakahindurana enshaho za Ziploc eziijwire enjuma. Orukiiko oru rukaba ruri orw’okubanza omu myaka 28 Darling nari Maynard batagiiremu. Oburemeezi bw’amagara bukabareetera bombi kuza hare. Allen Nichols, purezidenti wa kiraabu egyo, akangambira ati: “Eki tumazire obwire buraingwa tukikora, kandi haihi buri mwaka nituguma nituhunama ahabw’abafu.” Nangwa n’obu kiraabe kiri kityo, omutima gukiine amatsiko: omuti oguhindwirwemu eby’obuhangwa guhingwireho emyaka mingi y’okugyezibwa okugumire ahabw’okwerinda n’oburungi.
Abanyamurwa b’eshuura bakaha enyanjura y’omutaano aha mbeera ya buri muti muhango gw’ebishaka ogurikutuura omu ihanga rya New York. Pilkey n’abandi beegi abaherize emishomo yaabo bakatandikaho oku barikubaasa kurundaana n’okubiika obujuma bw’ebishaka, oku barikubaasa kuhinga ebihimba ahansi y’ebitaara by’omu nju, n’oku barikubaasa kwijuza eitaka oburwaire bwa blight kubaasa kwongyera aha myaka y’emiti. Abantu abaine ebifuba bya cashew, baingi aharibo nibateera obujuma bw’ebishaka kandi bakahinga emiti yaabo, bakabuuza abanyasayansi abato ebibuuzo.
Bowell akajwara ahansi, ajwaire ekyabaire nikireebeka nk’ekijwaro ekitari ky’obutegyeki eky’eshuura egi: esaati y’omu bitsya erimu omu jeans. Okukuratira kwe okw’omutima gumwe-omurimo gw’emyaka makumi ashatu ogutebeekanisiibwe okwehinguririize ekigyendererwa kya Herb Darling eky’okugaruka kutunga ebihimba-tigurikukira kureebwa omu banyasayansi b’eby’obwegyese, abarikukira kukora okucondooza omu nkora y’okuha sente z’emyaka etaano, reero bwanyima Ebirugiremu ebirikuraganisa nibiheebwa abandi ngu babikore omu by’obushuubuzi. Don Leopold, ou naabaire ninkora nawe omu kitongore kya Powell eky’eby’obuhangwa n’ebibira, akangira ati: “Naafayo munonga kandi aine emicwe.” "Nataho emikingo. Tarikuteganisibwa ebindi bintu bingi. Okucondooza ku kwaherize kutunguuka, abakuru ba State University eya New York (SUNY) bakamukwataho kandi bamushaba obugabe bw'okukora omuti gwe kugira ngu yunivasite ebone kugasirwamu, kwonka Powell akanga. Akagira ngu emiti ehindwirwemu obuzaarwa ni nk'ekishaayi ky'abantu aba ira.
Kwonka akabarabura ati: Bwanyima y’okusingura oburemeezi bwingi obw’eby’obuhangwa, emiti ehindwirwemu ebiriisa hati neebaasa kutunga oburemeezi obuhango: gavumenti ya Amerika. Wiiki nkye enyima, Powell akahayo fairo y’empapura haihi 3,000 omu kitongore ky’eby’obuhingi ekya America ekirikukyebera amagara g’ebinyonyi n’ebimera, ekiine obujunaanizibwa bw’okwikirizibwa ebimera ebihindwirwemu ebiriisa. Eki nikitandika omuringo gw‘okusiima kw‘ekitongore: kureeba okushaba, kushaba ebiteekateeko by‘abantu, kukora ekihandiiko ky‘okukwata aha by‘obuhangwa, kugaruka kushaba ebiteekateeko by‘abantu n‘okucwamu. Omurimo ogu nigubaasa kutwara emyaka mingi. Ku haraabe hatariho kucwamu, purojekiti neebaasa kwemerera. (Obwire bw'okubanza obw'okuha ebiteekateeko byabo omu bantu tibukatandikire.)
Abacondoozi nibateekateeka kuhayo ebindi bihandiiko by'okushaba aha kitongore ky'eby'okurya n'emibazi kugira ngu kibaase kukyebera oburinzi bw'eby'okurya by'ebihimba ebihindwirwemu, kandi ekitongore ky'okurinda eby'obuhangwa nikiija kureeba oku omuti ogu gurikukwata aha by'obuhangwa ahansi y'ebiragiro bya Federo eby'okurwanisa obukooko, ebirikwetengyesa aha bimera byona ebihindwirwemu eby'obuhangwa. eby’ebihangirwe. “Eki kigumire kukira ebya sayansi!” omuntu omu bahurikiize akagira ati.
"Yego." Powell akaikiriza. "Sayansi neshemeza. Nemara amaani." (Bwanyima akangira ati: “Okureeberera ebitongore bishatu bitarikushushana n’ekintu ekirengire. Buzima nikiita okuhangaho ebintu bisya omu kurinda eby’obuhangwa.”)
Okuhamya ngu omuti gwabo tigurimu kabi koona, tiimu ya Powell ekakora okukyebera okutarikushushana. Bakaba bariisa oxalate oxidase omu njuma z’enjuki. Bakapima okukura kw’ebishaka ebiine omugasho omu itaka. Bakasiga amababi omu maizi kandi baacondooza oku garikukora aha t. Tihariho kabi akareebekire omu kucondooza kwona-omu mazima, omu mazima, okukora kw’eby’okurya ebihindwirwemu eby’obuhangwa nikukira amababi g’emiti emwe etahindwirwemu. Abanyasayansi bakasindika enjuma ezi omu Oak Ridge National Laboratory n’ebindi bishengye bya Tennessee kukyeberwa, kandi tibakashangireho ntaaniso yoona n’enjuma ezirikuruga omu miti etahindukire.
Ebirugiremu nk’ebyo nibibaasa kugaruramu amaani abategyeki. Haihi tibarikwija kushemeza abakozi abarikuhakanisa GMOs. John Dougherty, omunyasayansi owaahuumwire kuruga omu kampuni ya Monsanto, akaha Powell obuhabuzi ahabwa busha. Abazigu aba akeeta “abarikuhakanisa.” Kumara emyaka makumi, ebibiina by’obuhangwa bibaire birabura ngu okutambuza ebiriisa ahagati y’ebika ebiine akakwate ka hare nikiija kurugamu ebitarikuteekateekwaho, nk’okukora “omukyeere gw’amaani” ogurikukira ebimera by’obuhangwa, nari okutaho ebiriisa by’aheeru ebirikubaasa kureetera omugyenyi Okubaasa kw’empindahinduka z’akabi omu DNA y’ebika. Kandi niberarikirira ngu amakampuni nigakozesa okuhindura eby’obuhangwa kutunga obugabe n’okutegyeka obuhanguzi.
Obwahati, Powell akagira ngu taratungire sente zoona butunu kuruga omu bitongore by’amakorero, kandi akagumizamu arikugira ngu okuhayo sente z’okuhwera laboratory “tikubohirwe.” Kwonka Brenda Jo McManama, omutebekanisa w’ekibiina ekirikwetwa “Ekitongore ky’eby’obuhangwa eky’abantu b’omu ihanga”, akooreka endagaano eyakozirwe omu mwaka gwa 2010 ei Monsanto yaahaire Chestnut Foundation n’ekitongore ekirikukoragana nayo New York Eshuura ekaikiriza obugabe bubiri bw’okuhindura eby’obuhangwa. (Powell akagira ngu esente ezirikuheebwayo amakorero, otwariremu na Monsanto, nizikora ahansi y’ebicweka 4 ahari igana eby’esente zoona ez’okukora.) McManama nateekateeka ngu Monsanto (eyatungirwe Bayer omu 2018) neeyenda omu bwesherekye kutunga obugabe bw’okukora ebintu obwo erikushagika ekirikureebeka nk’okugarukamu omuti omu biro by’omumaisho. Purojekiti etarikweyendeza. Akagira omu bwesigwa ati: “Monsan weena n’omubi.”
Powell agizire ngu obugabe oburi omu ndagaano ya 2010 bwahwaho, kandi ahabw’okushohoza ebikwatiraine n’omuti gwe omu bitabo bya sayansi, akahamya ngu omuti ogu tigurikubaasa kutunga obugabe. Kwonka akeetegyereza ngu eki tikirikwija kwihaho okwerarikirira kwona. Akagira ati, “Ninkimanya ngu omuntu naija kugira ngu ori ekitego kya Monsanto kyonka.” "Nobaasa kukora ki? Tihariho eki orikubaasa kukora."
Emyaka nka etaano enyima, abeebembezi b’ekibiina kya American Chestnut Foundation bakacwamu ngu tibarikubaasa kuhikiiriza ebigyendererwa byabo barikukoresa okuteerana kw’ebika byonka, n’ahabw’ekyo bakaikiriza puroguraamu ya Powell ey’okuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa. Okucwamu oku kukareetera obutaikirizana obumwe. Omu kwezi kwa kashatu 2019, purezidenti w'ekicweka kya Massachusetts-Rhode Island eky'omusingi, Lois Breault-Melican, akarekura omurimo gwe, arikujuriza purojekiti y'oburingaaniza omunsi yoona (purojekiti y'oburingaaniza omunsi yoona), ekitongore ekirikurwanisa obuhangwa bw'abantu ekirikushangwa omuri Buffalo. Purojekiti y’oburingaaniza ey’eby’obuhangwa) enshonga; omushaija we Denis Melican nawe akaruga aha kakiiko aka. Dennis akangira ngu ababiri abo bakaba nibeerarikirira munonga ngu ebihimba bya Powell nibibaasa kuhamya ngu n’embaraasi ya “Trojan”, ekyakingireho omuhanda gw’emiti endiijo ey’obushuubuzi kubaasa kutunga amaani maingi kurabira omu kuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa.
Susan Offutt, omuhangu omu by’obuhingi n’oburiisa, naakora nka ceyamaani w’akakiiko k’eihanga akarikucondooza aha bya sayansi, eby’obuhangwa n’eby’obujanjabi, akakozire okucondooza aha bya tekinologiya y’ebihangirwe omu kibira omu 2018. Akooreka ngu enkora ya gavumenti ey’okutegyeka neeta omutima aha nshonga nkye y’akabi k’ebihangirwe ebiine amagara, kandi ekaba neeteekateeka ngu abantu baingi nibateekateeka ngu abantu baingi munonga nibaija kuteekateeka aha kabi k’ebihangirwe ebiine amagara. abakozi abarikurwanisa GMO. “Ekibira ekiine mugasho ki omunda?” akabuuza, nk‘eky‘okureeberaho ky‘ekizibu, enkora ekaba etarikumaraho. "Ebibira biine ebirungi byabyo? Twine obujunaanizibwa bw'emitwarize bw'okutwara eki omu mutwe twaba nitucwamu aha kuza omu nshonga?"
Abanyasayansi abaingi abu nagambire nabo tibaine nshonga nkye y’okwerarikirira aha miti ya Powell, ahabw’okuba ekibira kitungire okusiisikara kw’amaani: okutema emiti, okutimba eby’obugaiga bw’omu itaka, okutunguuka, n’ebinyonyi n’endwara ezitarikuhwaho ezirikucwekyereza emiti. Omuri ebyo, chestnut wilt neehamibwa kuba Omukoro gw’okutandika. Gary Lovett, omuhangu omu by’obuhangwa bw’omu kibira omu itendekyero rya Cary omuri Millbrook, New York akagira ati: “Butoosha nitutaho ebihangirwe bisya ebihikire.” “Ebirikuruga omu bihingwa ebihindwirwe omu nkora y’obuzaarwa ni bikye munonga.”
Donald Waller, omuhangu omu by’obuhangwa bw’ebibira owaabaire yaaheza kuhuumura aha yunivasite ya Wisconsin-Madison, akakora ekirikukiraho. Akangira ati: “Aha rubaju rumwe, ninshoboorora oku ndikubaasa kugyendera aha kabi n’okutunga ebihembo. Aha rubaju orundi, ninguma ninshara omutwe ahabw’akabi.” Omuti ogu oguhindwirwemu ebiriisa nigubaasa kureetaho akabi aha kibira. Okutaana n’ekyo, “orupapura oruri ahansi y’ekihembo nirusheesheka kwonka.” Akagira ngu omuti gw’omukyere ogurikuremesa kugwa, aha muheru nigwija kusingura ekibira eki ekirimu orutaro. Abantu nibetenga amatsiko. Abantu nibetenga obubonero. ”
Powell nakunda kuguma ayecureire, kwonka abarikubanganisa aha nkora y’okuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa nibabaasa kumuteganisa. Akagira ati: “Tibiine makuru ahariinye.” “Tibirikwegamira ahari sayansi.” Bainginiya ku barikukora emotoka nungi nari esimu z’omu ngaro, tihaine orikwetomboita, n’ahabw’ekyo naayenda kumanya ekibi ekiri omu miti ekozirwe gye. Powell akagira ati: “Eki n’ekikwato ekirikubaasa kuhwera.” "Ahabwenki nogira ngu titurikubaasa kukoresa ekikwato eki? Nitubaasa kukoresa ekikwato kya Phillips, kwonka ti sikuruu eya butoosha, kandi n'ekindi?"
Aha kutandika kwa Okitoba 2018, nkaza na Powell omu mwanya ogutarimu nshonga nyingi omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Syracuse. Akaba aine amatsiko ngu omu biro by’omumaisho ekika ky’ebihimba by’omu Amerika nikiija kukura. Omwanya ogu guri haihi kubura abantu, kandi n’omwe aha myanya mikye ahu emiti erikwikirizibwa kukura. Emisiri miraingwa y’emiti y’emizeituuni n’emiti y’emizeituuni, eyarugire omu kucondooza okumazire obwire buraingwa erekirweho, neeyehindura omu burugwa-izooba, hare n’omuyaga ogurikutegyeka, ekirikureetera omwanya ogwo kuhurira gurikutiinisa kakye.
Omucondoozi Andrew Newhouse omu laboratory ya Powell, yaaheza kukora aha muti gumwe ogurikukirayo oburungi aha banyasayansi, omuti gw’omukibira ogurikuruga omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Virginia. Omuti ogu niguhika fuuti nka 25 oburaingwa kandi nigukura omu musiri gw’ebijuma by’ebishaka ogutebeekanisiibwe omu muringo gw’obutoosha ogwehinguririziibwe orugo rw’enzigye oruri fuuti 10 oburaingwa. Enshaho y’eishomero ekaba ebohirwe aha nshonda z’amataagi agamwe ag’omuti. Newhouse akashoboorora ngu enshaho y’omunda ey’ekiveera ekaba ekwatsirwe obujuma bwa Darling 58 obu abanyasayansi baashabire omu Kwamukaaga, kandi enshaho y’ekyoma ey’akatimba ey’aheeru ekaba neezibira ebinyonyi ebi kukura. Entebeekanisa yoona eri ahansi y’okureeberera kw’amaani kuruga omu kitongore ky’eby’obuhingi ekya United States; otakatandikireho ebiragiro, obujuma bw’ebishaka nari enjuma kuruga omu miti erimu ebiriisa ebiyongyeirwemu omu rugo nari omu laboratory y’omucondoozi biine kwetaanisibwa.
Newhouse akakoresa ebikwato by’okusharaho ebirikugaruka enyima aha mataagi. Okukurura n’omugoye, orubaju rwahenda kandi enshaho yaagwa. Newhouse akaza omu itaagi eryakuratsireho eryabaire riri omu nshaho ahonaaho kandi yaagaruka yaakora ekyo. Powell akatorotoora enshaho ezaabaire zigwire yaazita omu nsaho mpango y’ebiveera ey’okubiikamu kasasiro, nk’oku barikukora aha bintu ebirikureeta akabi aha bihangirwe.
Bwanyima y’okugaruka omu laboratory, Newhouse na Hannah Pilkey bakasheesha enshaho egyo kandi baarahuka kwihamu ebihimba bya brown kuruga omu bihimba bya green burrs. Nibafayo kutareka amahwa kutaaha omu ruhu, ekirikureeta akabi omu mirimo omu kucondooza aha njuma z’ebishaka. Eira, bakaba nibakunda enjuma zoona ez’omuhendo ezihindwirwemu ebiriisa. Omurundi ogu, aha muheru bakatunga bingi: abarikurenga 1,000. Pirkey akagira ati: “Twena turiyo nitukora amazina makye g’okushemererwa.”
Bwanyima omu mwabazyo ogwo, Powell akatwara ebihimba ebyo omu ofiisi ya Neil Patterson omu kishengye ky’okutaahamu. Ekiro kikaba kiri ekiro ky’abantu b’omu ihanga (Columbus Day), kandi Patterson, omuhwezi wa dayirekita w’ekitongore kya ESF eky’abantu b’omu ihanga n’eby’obuhangwa, akaba yaaruga omu kicweka kya kana ky’ekigombe, ahu yaabaire ayebembeire okworeka eby’okurya by’abantu b’omu ihanga. Abaana be babiri hamwe na mwihwa bariyo nibazaana aha kompyuta omu ofiisi. Buri omwe akasheenya kandi yaarya enjuma. Powell akagira arikwefuuza ati: “Bakiine ekibira kikye.”
Ekiconco kya Powell nikikora ebintu bingi. Ariyo naagaba embibo, aine amatsiko g’okukoresa omukura gwa Patterson kuhinga ebihimba omu myanya mirungi, ahu birikubaasa kutunga obujuma obuhindwirwemu omu myaka mikye. Kandi akeejumba omu by’obutegyeki eby’obumanyirizi.
Patterson ku yaatungirwe omurimo gwa ESF omu mwaka gwa 2014, akamanya ngu Powell akaba nagyezaho emiti ehindwirwemu ebiriisa, eyabaire eri mailo nkye kuruga omu kicweka ky’abatuuzi b’eihanga rya Onondaga. Eky’aha muheru kiri omu kibira mairo nkye omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Syracuse. Patterson akamanya ngu purojekiti egi ku eraatungye obusinguzi, obutafaari oburikurwanisa endwara nibwija kuhika aha kutaaha omu itaka kandi buzaambure n’ebihimba ebisigaireho, reero kihindure ekibira ekikuru omu kumanyisa Onodaga. Kandi akahurira aha kwerarikirira okurikureetera abakozi, otwariremu n'abamwe kuruga omu byanga by'abantu b'omu kicweka, kuhakanisa ebihangirwe ebihindwirwemu obutafaari bw'omubiri ahandi. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu mwaka gwa 2015, oruganda rwa Yurok rukazibira okubiika ebihingwa bya GMO omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa California ahabw’okwerarikiriira ngu ebirimwa byarwo n’okuroba eby’enyanja bya salmon nibibaasa kushiisha.
Patterson akangira ati: “Ninyetegyereza ngu eki kikatuhikaho aha; haakiri tushemerire kugaaniira.” Omu rukiiko rw’ekitongore ky’okurinda eby’obuhangwa omu mwaka gwa 2015 orwateirweho ESF, Powell akaha orubazo orutebeekanisiibwe gye aha bantu b’omu kicweka kya New York. Bwanyima y’okuha orubazo, Patterson akaijuka ngu abeebembezi batari bamwe na bamwe bakagira bati: “Tushemereire kuhinga emiti!” Omuhimbo gwabo gukatangaaza Patterson. Akagira ati: “Nkaba ntarikuteekateeka.”
Kwonka bwanyima y’okugaaniira, kukooreka ngu bakye aharibo buzima nibo barikwijuka omurimo ogu omuti gw’ekishaka gwabaire gukora omu buhangwa bwagwo obw’obuhangwa. Okucondooza okwa Patterson okwakuratsireho kukamugira ngu omu bwire obu obutabanguko omu bantu n’okucwekyereza eby’obuhangwa byabaire nibibaho omu bwire nibwo bumwe, gavumenti ya America ekaba neeta omu nkora enteekateeka mpango y’okugyemeserezibwa kubinga abantu omu mahe n’okushoroora, kandi endwara ekaba ehikire. Nk’ebindi bintu bingi, obuhangwa bw’omu kicweka ekyo obw’ebihimba by’omu kicweka ekyo bukahwaho. Patterson kandi akashanga ngu emiteekateekyere aha bikwatiraine n’okuhindura ebiri omu nkora y’obuzaarwa neetaana munonga. Omukozi w’enkoni za lacrosse omuri Onoda Alfie Jacques aine ekihika ky’okukora enkoni kuruga omu mbaaho z’ebishaka kandi nashagika purojekiti egi. Abandi nibateekateeka ngu akabi ni kahango munonga n’ahabw’ekyo nibahakanisa emiti.
Patterson naayetegyereza emyanya egi ebiri. Juba aha akangira ati: “Ni nk’esimu n’omwana wangye.” Ayorekire ngu omwana we ariyo naagaruka omuka kuruga aha ishomero ahabw'endwara ya Coronavirus. "Eizooba rimwe nkaza aheeru yoona; kubarinda kubakwatanisa, bariyo nibeega. Eizoba erindi, nka, reka twiheho ebintu ebyo." Kwonka emyaka mingi ei yaamazire naagaaniira na Powell ekakyendeeza okubanganisa kwe. Tihariho obwire buraingwa obuhingwireho, akamanya ngu abaana b’emiti 58 eya Darling abari ahagati tibarikwija kugira ebiriisa ebitairwemu, ekirikumanyisa ngu ebihimba by’omukibira eby’okubanza nibiija kugumizamu nibikura omu kibira. Patterson akagira ngu eki kikaihaho oburemeezi bw’amaani.
Omu kutaayaaya kwaitu omu kwezi kwa ikumi, akangira ngu enshonga ahabwenki atarikubaasa kushagika purojekiti ya GM omu bwijwire n’ahabw’okugira ngu akaba atarikumanya yaaba Powell naafayo aha bantu abarikukoragana n’omuti nari omuti. Patterson akagira ati: “Tindikumanya eki ariho ahabwe,” arikuteera omu kifuba kye. Yagira ngu omukago gw’omuntu n’ekishaka gwaba nigubaasa kugarukaho, nibwo kirikwetengyesa kugaruka kutunga omuti ogu.
Okubaasa kukora eki, agizire ngu aine enteekateeka y'okukozesa enjuma ezi Powell yamuhaire kukora obutunguru bwa chestnut n'amajuta. Naija kureeta eby’okurya ebi omu kicweka kya Onondaga kandi ayete abantu kugaruka kuzoora obuhooho bwabyo obwa ira. Akagira ati: “Nyine amatsiko ngu nikwo kiri, nikishushana n’okuramutsya munywani waawe owa ira, nooba oine kuza omu baasi kuruga ahu waayemereire omurundi oguhweire.”
Powell akatunga ekiconco kya miriyooni 3.2 kuruga omukitongore kya Templeton World Charity Foundation omu Kwamwenda, ekiraahe Powell omugisha gw’okugumizamu obwo arikugyendera omu bitongore ebirikutegyeka n’okujanjaaza okucondooza kwe kuruga aha by’obuzaarwa kuhika aha mazima g’okuhunduuza eitaka ryona. Gavumenti ku eraamuhe omugisha, Powell n’abanyasayansi kuruga omu kitongore kya American Chestnut Foundation nibaija kutandika kukiikiriza kumera. Obujuma bw’ebishaka n’ebindi bihingwa byabyo nibiija kufuhirwa nari kusheesheka aha bidomora ebirikutegyereza eby’emiti endiijo, kandi enkomerero y’ebihimba ebihindwirwemu ebiriisa nibiija kubaho hatariho kugyendera aha mbeera y’okugyezesa erikutegyekwa. Okuteekateeka ngu akazaano aka nikabaasa kugumaho omu misiri n’omu laboratory, eki tikirikuhamibwa, kandi nikiija kujanjaara omu kibira-egi n’enshonga y’eby’obuhangwa ei abanyasayansi barikwenda kwonka aba radicals nibatiina.
Bwanyima y’okugira omuti gwa chestnut guhuumwire, noobaasa kugugura? Eego, Newhouse akagira ngu egyo niyo ntebeekanisa. Abacondoozi babaire nibabuuzibwa buri saabiiti obu emiti erikuba eriho.
Omunsi ei Powell, Newhouse na bagyenzi be barikutuuramu, kyorobi kuhurira ngu eihanga ryona ritegyereize omuti gwabo. Kwonka okuvuga orugyendo rukye omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho kuruga aha faamu y’okucondooza kurabira omu rurembo rwa Syracuse nikitwijutsya oku empindahinduka z’amaani zibaireho omu by’obuhangwa n’omu bantu kuruga obu ebihimba bya Amerika byabura. Omuhanda gwa Chestnut Heights guri omu tauni nkye eri omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Syracuse. Ni omuhanda gwa buriijo ogw’okutuuramu ogurimu emihanda mihango y’okuvugamu, ebishaka ebiboneire, kandi obumwe n’obumwe hariho emiti mikye y’okushemeza erimu obutonyezi omu kishaayi ky’omu maisho. . Kampuni y’embaaho terikwetaaga kugarukaho kw’ebishaka. Eby’entaasya y’obuhingi erikwebaasa erikwegamira aha njuma z’ebihimba ehweireho kimwe. Haihi tihaine orikwiha enjuma ezigumire kandi ezirikushemeza kuruga omu njuma ezigumire munonga. Abantu abaingi nibabaasa n’okutamanya ngu omu kibira tihaine ekirikubura.
Nkemerera kandi narya ekiihuro kya picnic aha rubaju rw’enyanja ya Onondaga ahansi y’ekicuucu ky’omuti muhango gw’eijuka erikwera. Omuti gukaba gujwire ebinyonyi ebirikwetwa grey borers ebirikwaka gye. Ndabaasa kureeba ebiina ebikozirwe obukooko omu kishaka. Nikitandika kufeerwa amababi kandi nikibaasa kufa kigwe bwanyima y’emyaka mikye. Okwija hanu kuruga omuka yangye omuri Maryland kwonka, nkavuga n’okuraba omu nkumi n’enkumi z’emiti y’ebishaka efiire, n’amataagi g’ebishaka agatariho kintu kyona garikutunguuka aha rubaju rw’omuhanda.
Omuri Appalachia, kampuni egi eshazire emiti kuruga omu mwanya muhango ogwa Bitlahua kutunga amakara ahansi. Omutima gw’eihanga ry’amakara niguhikaana n’omutima gw’eihanga eryabaire riri ery’ebishaka. Ekitongore kya American Chestnut Foundation kikakoragana n’ebibiina ebyabaire bibyara emiti omu birombe by’amakara ebyabaire bisigaireho, kandi hati emiti ya chestnut neekura aha nkumi n’enkumi z’eitaka eryahikirweho akabi aka. Emiti egi n’ekicweka kimwe kyonka eky’emiti y’omutaano erikugumira obukooko oburikureeta endwara, kwonka neebaasa kuhinduka nk’emiti y’omurembe musya eizooba rimwe erikubaasa kusinga emiti y’omu kibira eya ira.
Omu kwezi kwa kataano okuhwaire, omuyaga ogurikwetwa carbon dioxide omu mwanya gukahika aha bicweka 414.8 ahari buri miriyoni omurundi gw’okubanza. Nk’emiti endiijo, oburemeezi obutari bw’amaizi bw’ebishaka by’omu Amerika ni nk’ekicweka kimwe kya kabiri kya kaboni. Ebintu bikye ebi orikubaasa kuhinga aha itaka nibibaasa kunywa omuyaga kuruga omu mwanya juba kukira omuti gw’omukyere ogurikukura. Ahabw’eki omu biteekateeko, ekicweka ekyashohoziibwe omu Wall Street Journal omwaka oguhweire kikaha obuhabuzi ngu, “Ka tugire faamu endiijo y’ebihimba.”