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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) eine ebintu bingi ebirikukora aha mubiri gw‘omuntu n‘endwara. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) neekoresibwa munonga nk’ekikwato ky’eby’emibazi kukyebera ebirikuruga omu H2S omu kucondooza kw’ebihangirwe. N‘obu okufeerwa H2S kuruga omu birungo bya NaHS kuraabe nikutwara edakiika nkye, ebirungo bya NaHS bikoresiibwe nk‘ebirungo by‘okuha H2S omu maizi g‘okunywa omu kucondooza okumwe aha nyamaishwa. Okucondooza oku kukacondooza yaaba amaizi g‘okunywa agarimu NaHS 30 μM agatebeekanisiibwe omu bicupa by‘enkyenzi/embeba nigabaasa kuguma gagumire kumara haakiri eshaaha 12–24, nk‘oku abahandiiki abamwe barikuteekateeka. Tebeekanisa omubazi gwa NaHS (30 μM) omu maizi g‘okunywa kandi ahonaaho ogushukye omu bicupa by‘amaizi g‘enkyenzi/embeba. Sampuli zikatorotoorwaho kuruga aha mutwe n’omunda y’ecupa y’amaizi aha shaaha 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 na 24 kupima ebiri omu sulfide barikukoresa omuringo gwa methylene blue. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, envunyu z‘enshaija n‘enkazi zikateebwamu NaHS (30 μM) kumara wiiki ibiri kandi ebiriisa bya serum sulfide bikapimwa buri izooba erindi omu wiiki y‘okubanza n‘aha muheru gwa wiiki ya kabiri. Omubazi gwa NaHS omu sampo eyatungirwe kuruga aha mutwe gw’ecupa y’amaizi gukaba gutagumire; kikeyongyera n’ebicweka 72% na 75% bwanyima y’eshaaha 12 na 24, nk’oku biri. Omu sampo ezatungirwe kuruga omunda y‘ebicupa by‘amaizi, okukyendeera kwa NaHS kukaba kutari kukuru omu shaaha 2; kwonka kikeyongyera n‘ebicweka 47% na 72% bwanyima y‘eshaaha 12 na 24, nk‘oku biri. Okuteebwamu NaHS tikwakwatsire aha rurengo rwa serum sulfide omu mbeba z‘abashaija n‘abakazi. Omu kuhendera, ebirungo bya NaHS ebitebeekanisiibwe kuruga omu maizi g‘okunywa tibiine kukoresibwa omu kuha H2S ahabw‘okuba ebirungo tibigumire. Omuringo ogu gw‘okuha obujanjabi nigwija kureetera enyamaishwa kutunga NaHS etarikushushana kandi nkye kukira oku erikuba neeteekateekwaho.
Omubazi gw’amaizi (H2S) gukoresiibwe nk’obutwa kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1700; kwonka, omurimo gwayo ogurikubaasa kubaho nk‘omubazi gw‘okumanyisa ebiri omu mubiri gukashoboororwa Abe na Kimura omu 1996. Omu myaka makumi ashatu ehweire, emirimo mingi ya H2S omu nkora z‘abantu zitari zimwe na zimwe ekashoboororwa gye, ekyareetera kumanya ngu molecule z‘okugaba H2S nizibaasa kugira okukoresibwa kw‘obujanjabi bw‘okujanjaba cera certa managein; reeba Chirino n’abandi. ahabw’okushwijuma okuherize kubaho.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) ekozesiibwe munonga nk’ekikwato ky’eby’emibazi kukyebera ebirikuruga omu H2S omu kucondooza kw’obutafaari bwingi n’okucondooza aha nyamaishwa5,6,7,8. Kwonka NaHS ti muhagizi murungi wa H2S ahabw‘okuba neehinduka juba kuba H2S/HS- omu nshonga, neebaasa kukwatwa polysulfides juba, kandi neebaasa kuhindurwa oxidation n‘okuhinduka omuyaga4,9. Omu kucondooza kwingi okwakozirwe aha bihangirwe, NaHS neesheesheka omu maizi, ekirikureetaho okuhinduka kw’omubiri okutarikukora n’okufeerwa H2S10,11,12, okuhinduka kw’omubiri okwa H2S11,12,13, n’okuhinduka kw’omushana14. Sulfide omu nshonga y’okubanza neebura juba munonga ahabw’okuhinduka kwa H2S11. Omu kiibo ekikingire, ekicweka ky‘amagara (t1/2) ga H2S ni nk‘edakiika 5, kandi okuteerana kwayo nikukyendeera n‘ebicweka nka 13% buri dakiika10. N‘obu okufeerwa kwa hydrogen sulfide kuruga omu bishaju bya NaHS kuraabe nikutwara edakiika nkye, okucondooza okumwe aha nyamaishwa kukoreise ebishaju bya NaHS nk‘entandikwa ya hydrogen sulfide omu maizi g‘okunywa kumara wiiki 1–21, kuhindura omubazi ogurimu NaHS buri kishaju 12–24. eshaaha.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Omuze ogu tigurikuhikaana n’emisingye y’okucondooza kwa sayansi, ahabw’okuba emibazi eshemerire kurugiirira aha kugikozesa omu bihangirwe ebindi, namunonga omu bantu.27
Okucondooza okurikubaho omu by‘amagara g‘abantu nikugyenderera okutunguura omutindo gw‘okureeberera abarwaire nari ebirugire omu kujanjaba. Kwonka ebyarugire omu kucondooza okurikukirayo aha nyamaishwa tibikahinduriirwe omu bantu28,29,30. Emwe aha nshonga z‘okuremwa kw‘okuvunuura oku n‘okubura kuta omutima aha mutindo gw‘enkora y‘okwega aha nyamaishwa30. Nahabwekyo, ekigyendererwa ky‘okwega oku kikaba kiri okucondooza yaaba 30 μM NaHS solutions ezitebeekanisiibwe omu bicupa by‘amaizi g‘enkyenzi/embeba nizibaasa kuguma zihamire omu maizi g‘okunywa kumara 12–24 h, nk‘oku kirikugambwa nari kirikuteebwaho omu kucondooza okumwe.
Okucondooza kwona omu kucondooza oku kukakorwa kurugiirira aha buhabuzi obuhandiikirwe obw’okureeberera n’okukozesa enyamaishwa z’omu laboratory omuri Iran31. Ripoota zoona ez‘okugyezesa omu kucondooza oku nazo zikakuratira obuhabuzi bwa ARRIVE32. Akakiiko k’emitwarize y’abantu ak’ekitongore ky’eby’amagara g’abantu, Shahid Beheshti University ey’eby’obujanjabi, kakaikiriza emiringo yoona ey’okugyezesa omu kucondooza oku.
Ekirungo ky’amaizi g’omubiri (CAS: 5970-45-6) n’ekirungo ky’ekyoma ekitari ky’amaizi (CAS: 7705-08-0) bikagurwa kuruga omu kitongore kya Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, Bufaransa). Eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa by’omubiri (CAS: 207683-19-0) na N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) bikagurwa kuruga omu kampuni ya Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoflurane ekagurwa kuruga omuri Piramal (Betelehemu, PA, Amerika). Asidi y’amaizi (HCl) ekagurwa omu kampuni ya Merck (Darmstadt, Bugirimaani).
Tebeekanisa omubazi gwa NaHS (30 μM) omu maizi g‘okunywa kandi ahonaaho ogushukye omu bicupa by‘amaizi g‘enkyenzi/embeba. Okuta omutima aha nshonga egi kukatooranwa kurugiirira aha bihandiiko bingi ebirikukoresa NaHS nk‘entandikwa ya H2S; reeba ekicweka ky’Okugaaniira. NaHS ni molekyu erimu amaizi erikubaasa kuba erimu amaizi g’amaizi gatari gamwe na gamwe (nikwo kugira ngu, NaHS•xH2O); okurugirira aha mukozi, ebicweka 70.7% bya NaHS ebyakozesiibwe omu kucondooza kwaitu bikaba biri 70.7% (nikwo kugira ngu, NaHS•1.3 H2O), kandi omuhendo ogu tukagutwara omu kubara kwaitu, ahu twakoreise oburemeezi bwa molekyu bwa 56.06 g/mol, oburi oburemeezi bwa molekyu bwa NaHS etaine maizi. Amaizi g’okuha amaizi (agarikwetwa amaizi g’okuhinduka ekibiriiti) ni molekyu z’amaizi ezirikukora omubiri gw’ekibiriiti33. Amaizi gaine emitwarize y’omubiri n’ey’obutagatsi etari emwe n’emwe waagyeragyeranisa n’ebitarimu maizi34.
Otakataire NaHS omu maizi g’okunywa, pima pH n’obutagatsi bw’ekirungo. Ahonaaho shuka omubazi gwa NaHS omu cupa y‘amaizi g‘enkyenzi/embeba omu kaju k‘enyamaishwa. Sampuli zikatorotoorwaho kuruga aha mutwe n’omunda y’ekikopo ky’amaizi aha shaaha 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, na 24 h kubaasa kupima ebiri omu sulfide. Ebipimo bya sulfide bikakorwa ahonaaho bwanyima ya buri kukyebera. Twatunga sampo kuruga aha mutwe gw’ekikopo ahabw’okuba okucondooza okumwe kworekire ngu obuhango bw’ebiina bikye eby’ekikopo ky’amaizi nibubaasa kukyendeeza aha kusheeshasheesha kwa H2S15,19. Enshonga egi neereebeka nk’erikukwata aha nshonga eri omu cupa nayo. Kwonka eki kikaba kitari kityo aha nshonga y’omubazi oguri omu nsingo y’ecupa y’amaizi, ogwabaire gwine omubaro gw’okusheeshasheesha gw’ahaiguru kandi gukaba nigukora autoxidizing; nangwa, enyamaishwa nizo zaabandize kunywa amaizi aga.
Envunyu za Wistar enshaija n’enkazi nizo zakozesiibwe omu kucondooza oku. Enfuuzi zikaba ziteirwe omu bishengye bya polypropylene (envunyu 2–3 ahari buri kashengye) omu mbeera ezihikire (obutagatsi 21–26 °C, obutagatsi 32–40%) n’eshaaha 12 z’omushana (shaaha 7 z’akasheeshe kuhika 7 z’eihangwe) n’eshaaha 12 z’omwirima (shaaha 7 z’akasheeshe kuhika 7 z’akasheeshe). Envunyu zikaba ziine amaizi ga taapu ahabwa busha kandi zikaba ziriisibwa chow ey’omutindo (Kampuni ya Khorak Dam Pars, Tehran, Iran). Enfuuzi za Wistar ezirikushushana n‘emyaka (ameezi 6) enkazi (n=10, oburemeezi bw‘omubiri: 190–230 g) n‘abashaija (n=10, oburemeezi bw‘omubiri: 320–370 g) zikabaganisibwamu omu guruupu z‘okukyebera n‘ezaabaire ziine NaHS (30 μM) (n=5 buri guruupu). Kubaasa kumanya obuhango bw‘eky‘okureeberaho, tukakoresa enkora ya KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid), erikugaita obumanyirizi bw‘enyima n‘okushwijuma amaani35. Twabanza twakora okucondooza kw‘okugyezesa aha mbeba 3 kandi twamanya omubaro gw‘eshagama yoona eya sulfide n‘okutaana kw‘omutindo (8.1 ± 0.81 μM). Bwanyima, turikuteekateeka aha maani ga 80% kandi tukateekateeka aha rurengo rw‘omugasho rwa 5% orw‘embaju ibiri, tukacwamu obuhango bw‘eky‘okureeberaho ky‘okubanza (n = 5 kurugiirira aha bihandiiko ebyabandize) ekyabaire nikihikaana n‘obuhango bw‘ebirikurugamu obutebeekanisiibwe 2.02 n‘omuhendo ogwateirweho kare ogwateirweho Festing ahabw‘okubara obuhango bw‘eky‘okureeberaho ky‘enyamaishwa z‘okugyezesa3. Bwanyima y‘okukanyisa omuhendo ogu na SD (2.02 × 0.81), obuhango bw‘ebirikurugamu ebirikuteberezibwa (1.6 μM) bukaba buri 20%, ekirikwikirizibwa. Eki nikimanyisa ngu n = 5/ekibiina nikimara kureeba empindahinduka y‘omubaro gwa 20% ahagati y‘ebicweka. Envunyu zikabaganisibwamu omu guruupu z‘okukyebera n‘eziine NaSH barikukoresa omuringo gw‘okutooranamu ogwa puroguraamu ya Excel 36 (Ekishushani ky‘okwongyeraho 1). Okuhumiza amaisho kukakorwa aha rurengo rw‘ebirugiremu, kandi abacondoozi abarikukora okupima kw‘eby‘amagara bakaba batarikumanya emirimo y‘ekibiina.
Ebibiina bya NaHS eby‘obuhangwa bwombi bikajanjabibwa n‘omubazi gwa NaHS 30 μM ogwatebeekanisiibwe omu maizi g‘okunywa kumara wiiki 2; Omubazi musya gukaba guheebwa buri shaaha 24, omu bwire obwo oburemeezi bw‘omubiri bukaba bupimwa. Eshagama ekatorotoorwaho kuruga aha mutwe gw‘omukira gw‘enkyenzi zoona ahansi y‘okukyeberwa kwa isoflurane buri izooba erindi aha muheru gwa wiiki y‘okubanza n‘eya kabiri. Eshagama ekakyeberwa aha 3000 g kumara edakiika 10, eshagama ekataanisibwa kandi yaabiikwa aha –80°C ahabw‘okupima okurikukuratiraho okwa serum urea, creatinine (Cr), na sulfide yoona. Urea omu shagama ekamanyirwa aha nkora y‘okukyebera enzymatic, kandi creatinine omu shagama ekakyeberwa omu muringo gwa Jaffe ogw‘okukyebera ebishushani barikukoresa ebikwato ebirikushangwa omu katare (Kampuni ya Man, Tehran, Iran) n‘ekikwato ky‘okukyebera ekirikukora kyonka (Selectra E, enamba y‘omubaro 0-2124, Netherlands). Ebicweka by‘okukyebera eby‘omunda n‘eby‘omugati eby‘okuhinduka ahabwa urea na Cr bikaba biri ahansi ya 2.5%.
Omuringo gwa methylene blue (MB) nigukoresibwa kupima sulfide yoona omu maizi g’okunywa n’omu shagama erimu NaHS; MB nigwo muringo ogurikukirayo kukoresibwa omu kupima sulfide omu bishaju bingi n’eby’okureeberaho by’ebihangirwe11,37. Enkora ya MB neebaasa kukoresibwa kuteekateeka aha kiziba kyona ekya sulfide38 n’okupima sulfide ezitari z’obuhangwa omu muringo gwa H2S, HS- na S2 omu nkora y’amaizi39. Omu muringo ogu, ekibiriiti nikisheesheka nk’ekibiriiti (ZnS) omu kubaho kwa zinc asetate11,38. Okuteerana kwa zinc acetate nigwo muringo ogurikukirayo kukoresibwa omu kutaanisa sulfides kuruga omu chromophores ezindi11. ZnS ekagaruka yashohozibwa barikukoresa HCl11 omu mbeera z’asidi y’amaani. Sulfide neekwatagana na DMPD omu nkora ya stoikiyometiri eya 1:2 omu nkora erikureetwaho ferric chloride (Fe3+ neekora nk’ekintu ekirikureeta okwitsya) kuhangaho erangi MB, erikureebeka omu nkora ya spectrophotometric ahari 670 nm40,41. Ekipimo ky‘okukyebera eky‘omuringo gwa MB nikihika ahari 1 μM11.
Omu kucondooza oku, 100 μL ya buri sampo (omubazi nari serum) ekateebwa omu ntuumo; bwanyima 200 μL y’ekirungo kya zinc (1% w/v omu maizi agateirwemu), 100 μL ya DMPD (20 mM omu HCl 7.2 M), na 133 μL ya FeCl3 (30 mM omu HCl 1.2 M) bikayongyerwamu. Omutaano ogu gukateebwa omu 37°C omu mwirima kumara edakiika 30. Omubazi gukakyeberwa aha 10,000 g kumara edakiika 10, kandi okunywanisa kw’amaizi g’ahaiguru kukashomwa aha 670 nm barikukoresa ekikwato ky’okushoma ebiri aha mutwe (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA). Ebicweka bya sulfide bikamanyirwa aha kukoresa omubaro gw’okugyeragyeranisa ogwa NaHS (0–100 μM) omu ddH2O (Ekishushani ky’okwongyeraho 2). Ebigarukwamu byona ebyakozesiibwe omu kupima bikaba bitebeekanisiibwe busya. Ebicweka by‘okukyebera eby‘omunda n‘eby‘omugati eby‘okuhinduka ahabw‘okupima kwa sulfide bikaba biri 2.8% na 3.4%, buri kimwe. Kandi tukamanya omubaro gwona ogwa sulfide ogwagarukiremu kuruga omu maizi g’okunywa agarimu sodium thiosulfate n’eby’okureeberaho by’eshagama turikukoresa omuringo gw’eby’okureeberaho ebigumire42. Ebigarukiremu ahabw‘amaizi g‘okunywa agarimu sodium thiosulfate n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘eshagama bikaba biri 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) na 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6), nk‘oku biri.
Okushwijuma kw‘embariirira kukakorwa barikukoresa puroguraamu ya GraphPad Prism ey‘omuringo gwa 8.0.2 eya Windows (Puroguramu ya GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com). Ekigyezo kya paired t-test kikakozesibwa kugyeragyeranisa obutagatsi na pH y‘amaizi g‘okunywa hatakabaireho n‘enyima y‘okwongyeramu NaHS. Okufeerwa kwa H2S omu nshonga erimu NaHS kukabarwa nk‘okukyendeera kw‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 kuruga aha kutwara omu nkora y‘okubanza, kandi kureeba yaaba okufeerwa kukaba kuri okw‘omugasho omu by‘embariirira, tukakora ANOVA y‘omuringo gumwe ey‘okugarukamu-okupima erikukuratirwa okugyezibwa kwa Dunnett okwagyeragyeranisibwa emirundi mingi. Oburemeezi bw‘omubiri, urea omu shagama, creatinine omu shagama, na sulfide yoona omu shagama omu bwire bikagyeragyeranisibwa ahagati y‘okukyebera n‘enkyenzi ezaabaire ziine NaHS ezaabaire ziine obujanjabi bw‘obuhangwa obutarikushushana barikukoresa ANOVA y‘emiringo ebiri (ahagati-omunda) erikukuratirwa okukyebera kwa Bonferroni post hoc. Emihendo ya P ey‘emikira ebiri < 0.05 ekatwarwa nk‘ey‘omugasho omu by‘embariirira.
pH y‘amaizi g‘okunywa ekaba eri 7.60 ± 0.01 NaHS etakayongyeirwemu kandi 7.71 ± 0.03 bwanyima y‘okuyongyerwamu NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Ebiriisa by‘amaizi g‘okunywa bikaba biri 26.5 ± 0.2 kandi bikakyendeera kuhika ahari 26.2 ± 0.2 bwanyima y‘okugateekamu NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Tebeekanisa omubazi gwa NaHS 30 μM omu maizi g‘okunywa kandi ogubiike omu cupa y‘amaizi. Omubazi gwa NaHS tigurikugumaho kandi okuteerana kwagwo nikukyendeera bwanyima y‘obwire. Ku baabaire nibatwara eshampu kuruga omu nsingo y’ecupa y’amaizi, okukyendeera kw’amaani (68.0%) kukareebeka omu shaaha y’okubanza, kandi NaHS eri omu nshonga ekakyendeera n’ebicweka 72% na 75% bwanyima y’eshaaha 12 na 24, nk’oku biri. Omu sampo ezatungirwe kuruga omu bicupa by‘amaizi, okukyendeera kwa NaHS kukaba kutari kukuru kuhika aha shaaha 2, kwonka bwanyima y‘eshaaha 12 na 24 kukaba kukyendeire n‘ebicweka 47% na 72%, nk‘oku biri. Ebihandiiko ebi nibyoreka ngu ebicweka 10 ahari 100 bya NaHS omu 30 μM solution eyatebeekanisiibwe omu maizi g‘okunywa bikaba bikyeire kuhika ahari kimwe kya kana ky‘omuhendo gw‘okubanza bwanyima y‘eshaaha 24, hatariho kugyendera aha mwanya gw‘okutooranamu (ekishushani 1).
Okugumaho kw‘omubazi gwa NaHS (30 μM) omu maizi g‘okunywa omu bicupa by‘enkyenzi/embeba. Bwanyima y’okutebeekanisa omubazi, eshampu zikatwarwa kuruga aha mutwe n’omunda y’ecupa y’amaizi. Ebihandiiko nibiheebwayo nk‘ebiri ahagati ± SD (n = 6/ekibiina). * na #, P < 0.05 kugyeragyeranisa n‘obwire 0. Ekishushani ky‘ecupa y‘amaizi nikyoreka omutwe (n‘okukinga) n‘omubiri gw‘ecupa. Omubaro gw‘aha mutwe niguhika ahari 740 μL.
Okuteerana kwa NaHS omu nshonga ensya eyatebeekanisiibwe 30 μM kukaba kuri 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (omubaro: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12). Kwonka bwanyima y‘eshaaha 24, okuteerana kwa NaHS kukakyendeera kuhika aha muheendo gwa hansi (omubaro gw‘ahaiguru: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Nkoku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 2, ebicweka bya NaHS ebi enfuuzi zaabaire ziine bikaba bitarikuhinduka omu bwire bw‘okwega.
Oburemeezi bw‘omubiri gw‘enkyenzi enkazi bukayeyongyera munonga omu bwire (kuruga ahari 205.2 ± 5.2 g kuhika ahari 213.8 ± 7.0 g omu guruupu y‘okukyebera kandi kuruga ahari 204.0 ± 8.6 g kuhika ahari 211.8 ± 7.5 g omu guruupu eyaabaire neejanjabwa NaHS); kwonka obujanjabi bwa NaHS bukaba butaine ki burikukora aha buremeezi bw‘omubiri (Fig. 3). Oburemeezi bw‘omubiri gw‘enkyenzi z‘abashaija bukayeyongyera munonga omu bwire (kuruga ahari 338.6 ± 8.3 g kuhika ahari 352.4 ± 6.0 g omu guruupu y‘okukyebera kandi kuruga ahari 352.4 ± 5.9 g kuhika ahari 363.2 ± 4.3 g omu guruupu eyaabaire neejanjabwa NaHS); kwonka obujanjabi bwa NaHS bukaba butaine ki burikukora aha buremeezi bw‘omubiri (Fig. 3).
Empindahinduka omu buremeezi bw‘omubiri omu mbeba z‘enkazi n‘enshaija bwanyima y‘okuha NaHS (30 μM). Ebihandiiko nibiheebwayo nk‘ebiri ahagati ± SEM kandi bikagyeragyeranisibwa barikukoresa okucondooza kw‘emiringo ebiri okutairwemu (omunda-ahagati) kw‘okuhinduka n‘okukyebera kwa Bonferroni post hoc. n = 5 ahari buri kishushani omu buri guruupu.
Ebicweka bya serum urea na creatine phosphate bikagyeragyeranisibwa omu mbeba ezaabaire nizitegyekwa n‘ezaabaire ziine NaSH omu kucondooza kwona. Ekindi, obujanjabi bwa NaSH tiburakwatsire aha nkora ya serum urea na creatinechrome (Ekipande 1).
Omubaro gw‘okubanza gw‘eshagama y‘omubiri (sulfide) gukaba nigugyeragyeranisibwa ahagati y‘okukyebera n‘enkyenzi z‘abashaija (8.1 ± 0.5 μM n‘9.3 ± 0.2 μM) n‘ez‘abakazi (9.1 ± 1.0 μM n‘6.1 ± 1.1 μM) ezaabaire ziine obujanjabi bwa NaHS. Okuha NaHS kumara ebiro 14 tikuine ki kwakozire aha rurengo rwa serum total sulfide omu mbeba z‘abashaija nari z‘abakazi (Fig. 4).
Empindahinduka omu nkora ya serum total sulfide omu mbeba z‘abashaija n‘abakazi bwanyima y‘okuha NaHS (30 μM). Ebihandiiko nibiheebwayo nk‘ebiri ahagati ± SEM kandi bikagyeragyeranisibwa barikukoresa okucondooza kw‘emiringo ebiri okutairwemu (omunda-omunda) kw‘okuhinduka n‘okukyebera kwa Bonferroni post hoc. Buri kishushani ky‘obuhangwa, n = 5/ekibiina.
Ekikuru ekirugire omu kucondooza oku n‘okugira ngu amaizi g‘okunywa agarimu NaHS tigarikugumaho: nk‘ekicweka kya kana kyonka eky‘okubanza ky‘omubaro gwona ogwa sulfide nigubaasa kumanyirwaho bwanyima y‘eshaaha 24 bwanyima y‘okutwara eshampu kuruga aha mutwe n‘omunda y‘ebicupa by‘amaizi g‘enkyenzi/embeba. Ekindi, enfuuzi zikaba ziine ebiriisa bya NaHS ebitarikuhamibwa ahabw‘okufeerwa H2S omu nkora ya NaHS, kandi okwongyera NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa tikuine kakwate n‘oburemeezi bw‘omubiri, serum urea na creatine chromium, nari total serum sulfide.
Omu kucondooza oku, omubaro gw‘okufeerwa H2S kuruga omu 30 μM NaHS solutions ezatebeekanisiibwe omu maizi g‘okunywa gukaba guri nka 3% buri shaaha. Omu nkora y‘okukyebera (100 μM sodium sulfide omu 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4), omubaro gw‘okukyebera gukagambwaho kukyendeera n‘ebicweka 7% omu bwire bw‘okumara 8 h11. Twabanza kurwanirira okuha NaHS omunda y‘ekibunu turikuha ripooti ngu omubaro gw‘okufeerwa sulfide kuruga omu 54 μM NaHS solution omu maizi g‘okunywa gukaba guri nka 2.3% buri shaaha (4%/eshaha omu shaaha 12 z‘okubanza na 1.4%/eshaha omu shaaha 12 z‘aha muheru bwanyima y‘okutebeekanisa)8. Okucondooza okwabandize43 kukashanga ngu H2S neeguma neefeerwa kuruga omu bigarukwamu bya NaHS, okukira munonga ahabw‘okuhinduka kw‘omuyaga n‘okuhinduka kw‘omwika. Nangwa n’obu hatariho kwongyeraho ebicupuri, sulfide omu nshaho y’ebintu neebura juba ahabw’okuhinduka kwa H2S11. Okucondooza kworekire ngu omu bwire bw’okukyendeeza, oburikutwara obutikitiki nka 30–60, ebicweka nka 5–10% bya H2S nibibura ahabw’okusheesheka6. Okuzibira okusheeshasheesha kwa H2S kuruga omu nshonga, abacondoozi batwireho emiringo mingi, harimu okusheeshasheesha kw’eshagama12 mpora, okukingira eshagama y’omu sitooka n’ekishushani ky’ekiveera6, n’okukyendeeza aha kusheeshasheesha kw’eshagama omu mwanya, ahabw’okuba omubaro gw’okusheeshasheesha kwa H2S nigurugiirira aha nkoragana y’empeho n’amaizi ahabw’okugira ngu Spontane H2 S ions, namunonga ferric iron, eziri obukooko oburi omu maizi.13 Okuhinduka kwa H2S nikurugamu okukora polysulfides (atomu za sulfur eziine akakwate n’enkoragana z’omubiri)11. Okwetantara okuhinduka kwayo, ebirungo ebirimu H2S nibitebeekanisibwa omu birungo ebitarimu oxygen44,45 reero bwanyima bishemezibwa na argon nari nitrogen kumara edakiika 20–30 kureeba ngu byarugaho. okuhinduka kw’omubiri omu bishaju by’omuyaga. Omu kubura kwa DTPA, omubaro gw‘okuhindura ebiriisa bya HS- niguhika ahari 50% aha shaaha nka 3 ahari 25°C37,47. Ekindi, ahabw’okugira ngu okuhindura kwa 1e-sulfide nikureetwaho omushana gwa ultraviolet, omubazi ogu gushemerire kubiikwa aha barafu kandi gukingirwe omushana11.
Nkoku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 5, NaHS neetaanisamu Na+ na HS-6 ku erikushangwa omu maizi; okutaana oku nikumanyirwa aha pK1 y’okugarukamu, erikurugiirira aha bwire bw’obwire: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, ahu T eri kuruga ahari 5 kuhika ahari 30°C kandi neepimwa omu diguri Kelvin (K), K = °C + 273.1548. HS- eine pK2 nyingi (pK2 = 19), n‘ahabw‘ekyo aha pH < 96.49, S2- terikubaho nari neekorwa omu bwingi bukye munonga. Okutaana n’ekyo, HS- neekora nk’omusingi kandi neeikiriza H+ kuruga omu molekyu ya H2O, kandi H2O neekora nka asidi kandi neehindurwa H2S na OH-.
Okuhangwa kwa gaasi ya H2S erimu omubazi gwa NaHS (30 μM). aq, omubazi gw’amaizi; g, omuyaga; l, amaizi. Okubara kwona nikuteekateeka ngu pH y’amaizi = 7.0 kandi obutagatsi bw’amaizi = 20 °C. Eki kihangirwe na BioRender.com.
N‘obu haraabe hariho obuhame ngu ebirungo bya NaHS tibigumire, okucondooza aha nyamaishwa kwingi kukoreise ebirungo bya NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa nk‘ekirungo ky‘okuha H2S15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 n‘obwire bw‘okutaaha omu nshonga kuruga ahari wiiki 1 kuhika ahari 21 (T). Omu kucondooza oku, omubazi gwa NaHS gukaba gugarurwa busya buri shaaha 12, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 nari 24, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Ebirugire omu kucondooza kwaitu nibyoreka ngu enfuuzi zikaba ziine emibazi etarikuhamibwa ahabw‘okufeerwa H2S kuruga omu nkora ya NaHS, kandi ebiri omu NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa g‘envunyu bikahindukahinduka munonga omu shaaha 12 nari 24 (reeba ekishushani 2). Ebibiri aha kucondooza oku bikagira ngu emihendo ya H2S omu maizi ekaguma egumire kumara 24 h22 nari ngu 2–3% zonka eza H2S zikafeerwa omu bwire bwa 12 h15, kwonka tiziraheireyo ebirikushagika nari ebihandiiko by‘okupima. Okucondooza kwa kabiri kworekire ngu oburaingwa bukye bw‘ebicupa by‘amaizi nibubaasa kukyendeeza aha kusheeshasheesha kwa H2S15,19. Kwonka ebyarugamu byaitu nibyoreka ngu eki nikibaasa kukyendeeza aha kufeerwa H2S kuruga omu cupa y‘amaizi n‘eshaaha 2 zonka beitu kutari shaaha 12–24 h. Okucondooza kwombi nikworeka ngu nituteekateeka ngu omutindo gwa NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa tigukahindukire ahabw‘okuba titukareeba empindahinduka y‘erangi omu maizi; n‘ahabw‘ekyo, okuhindura kwa H2S omu mwanya kukaba kutari kukuru19,20. Ekirikutangaaza, omuringo ogu ogw‘okwepimira nigukyebera okuhama kwa NaHS omu maizi okukira okupima empindahinduka omu kugiteeka omu maizi omu bwire.
Okufeerwa kwa H2S omu NaHS solution nikukwatagana na pH n’obutagatsi. Nkoku kyagambirwe omu kucondooza kwaitu, okusheenya NaHS omu maizi nikirugamu okukora ekirungo kya alkaline50. NaHS ku erikushangwa omu maizi, okukora kwa gaasi ya H2S eshazire nikurugiirira aha muheendo gwa pH6. Oku pH y’omubazi eri ahansi, nikwo omubaro gwa NaHS oguriho nk’ebicweka bya gaasi bya H2S gurikweyongyera kandi nikwo sulfide erikufeerwa kuruga omu mubazi gw’amaizi11. Tihariho kucondooza oku okwagambire aha pH y‘amaizi g‘okunywa agarikukoresibwa nk‘ekirungo kya NaHS. Okurugirira aha biteiso bya WHO, ebirikukuratirwa amahanga maingi, pH y’amaizi g’okunywa eshemerire kuba eri ahagati ya 6.5–8.551. Omu pH egi, omubaro gw’okuhinduka kw’okwotsya kwa H2S nigweyongyera nk’emirundi ikumi13. Okushohoza NaHS omu maizi omu pH egi nikiija kurugamu okushohoza omuyaga gwa H2S ogushohoziibwe 1 kuhika 22.5 μM, ekirikuhamya obukuru bw’okureeba ngu pH y’amaizi etakashohoziibwe NaHS. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, omubaro gw’obutagatsi ogwagambirweho omu kucondooza oku aharuguru (18–26 °C) gukaba nigwija kurugamu empindahinduka omu nkora ya gaasi ya H2S eshazirwe omu nshaho erikwingana 10%, ahabw’okuba empindahinduka y’obutagatsi neehindura pK1, kandi empindahinduka nkye omu pK1 neebaasa kugira eki yaakora kihango aha nkora ya gaasi ya H2S eshazirwe. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, obwire buraingwa bw‘okucondooza okumwe (ameezi 5)22, obu okuhinduka kw‘obutagatsi kwingi kurikuteekateekwaho, nakyo nikiyongyera aha buremeezi obu.
Okucondooza kwona okwihaho kumwe21 kukakoresa 30 μM NaHS solution omu maizi g‘okunywa. Okushoboorora omubaro ogurikukoresibwa (nikwo kugira ngu 30 μM), abahandiiki abamwe bakashoboorora ngu NaHS omu nkora y‘amaizi neereetaho omubaro nigwo gumwe gw‘omuyaga gwa H2S kandi ngu omubaro gw‘omubiri gwa H2S ni 10 kuhika 100 μM, n‘ahabw‘ekyo omubaro ogu guri omu mubaro gw‘omubiri15,16. Abandi bakashoboorora ngu 30 μM NaHS neebaasa kuguma n‘omutindo gwa plasma H2S omu nkora y‘omubiri, nikwo kugira ngu 5–300 μM19,20. Nituteekateeka aha nkora ya NaHS omu maizi ga 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C), eyakozesiibwe omu kucondooza okumwe kwega aha bi H2S erikukora. Nitubaasa kubara ngu omubaro gw’omuyaga gwa H2S ogushazirwe ni 14.7 μM, ekirikumanyisa ngu omubaro gwa NaHS ogwabandize. Omuhendo ogu nigushushana n’omuhendo ogu abahandiiki abandi babariire omu mbeera niyo emwe13,48.
Omu kucondooza kwaitu, okuha NaHS tikwahinduire oburemeezi bw‘omubiri; ekirugiremu eki nikihikaana n’ebyarugire omu kucondooza okundi aha mbeba z’abashaija22,23 n’enkyenzi z’abashaija18; Kwonka, okucondooza kubiri kukagira ngu NaSH ekagaruraho oburemeezi bw‘omubiri obukyendeire omu mbeba ezaabaire ziine obuhuta bw‘omubiri24,26, obwo okucondooza okundi kutagambire aha nkora y‘okuha NaSH aha buremeezi bw‘omubiri15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Ekindi, omu kucondooza kwaitu, okuha NaSH tikwakwatsire aha rurengo rwa serum urea na creatine chromium, ekirikuhikaana n‘ebyarugire omu ripoota endiijo25.
Okucondooza oku kukashanga ngu okwongyera NaHS omu maizi g’okunywa kumara wiiki 2 tikuine kakwate n’omubaro gwona ogw’ekiriisa kya serum sulfide omu mbeba z’abashaija n’abakazi. Ekirugire omu kucondooza oku nikihikaana n‘ebyarugire omu kucondooza kwa Sen et al. (16): wiiki 8 z‘okujanjaba na 30 μM NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa tiziine kakwate n‘omutindo gwa plasma sulfide omu mbeba ezirikutegyekwa; kwonka bakagira ngu okutaaha omu nshonga oku kukagaruraho okukyendeera kw’omubaro gwa H2S omu plasma y’embeba ezaabaire ziine obuhuta bw’omubiri. Li n’abandi. (22) kandi bakagira ngu okujanjaba 30 μM NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa kumara ameezi 5 kukongyera aha rurengo rwa plasma free sulfide omu mbeba ezikuzire n‘ebicweka nka 26%. Ebindi bihandiiko tibikagambire empindahinduka omu kugyendera omu sulfide bwanyima y‘okwongyera NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa.
Okucondooza mushanju kukagamba aha kukoresa Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 kwonka tikwahaire ebindi ebirikukwata aha maizi g‘okuha amaizi, kandi okucondooza kutaano tikwagambire aha nshonga ya NaHS eyakozesiibwe omu miringo yaabo y‘okutebeekanisa17,18,24,25,26. NaHS ni molekyu erimu amaizi kandi amaizi gaayo ag’amaizi nigabaasa kuhinduka, ekirikukwata aha muhendo gwa NaHS ogurikwetengyesa kutebeekanisa omubazi gw’omubazi gw’okuha. Nk‘eky‘okureeberaho, ebiri omu NaHS omu kucondooza kwaitu bikaba biri NaHS•1.3 H2O. Nahabwekyo, ebicweka bya NaHS eby‘amazima omu kucondooza oku nibibaasa kuba biri ahansi y‘ebyo ebyagambirweho.
“Ekirungo ky’obwire bukye nk’ekyo nikibaasa kita kugira eki kyakora kumara obwire buraingwa nk’ekyo?” Pozgay et al.21 bakabuuza ekibuuzo eki obu baabaire nibashwijuma ebirikuruga omu NaHS aha ndwara y‘okusheeshasheesha omu mbeba. Nibateekateeka ngu okucondooza okurikwija kubaasa kugarukamu ekibuuzo eki kandi bateekateekye ngu eby’okugarukamu bya NaHS nibibaasa kuba birimu polysulfides ezigumire munonga okwongyera ahari H2S na disulfides ezirikureetaho ebirikuruga omu NaHS21. Ekindi ekirikubaasa kubaho n‘okugira ngu ebicweka bikye munonga bya NaHS ebisigaire omu nshonga nabyo nibibaasa kugira ebirungi. Omu mazima, Olson na bagyenzi be. akaha obuhame ngu emihendo ya micromolar eya H2S omu shagama teri y‘omubiri kandi eshemerire kuba eri omu nkora ya nanomolar nari etariho yoona13. H2S neebaasa kukora kurabira omu puroteyini sulfation, okuhindura okurikugaruka enyima bwanyima y’okuvunuura okurikuteganisa emirimo, okuhama, n’okutaho puroteyini nyingi52,53,54. Omu mazima, omu mbeera z‘omubiri, enkumi 10 ahari 25% z‘ebiriisa bingi eby‘omu kifuba nibikora sulfylated53. Okucondooza kwombi nikwikiriza okucwekyerera kwa juba kwa NaHS19,23 kwonka omu muringo gw‘okutangaaza nikugira ngu “tukategyeka okuteerana kwa NaHS omu maizi g‘okunywa turikugahindura buri izooba.”23 Okucondooza kumwe kukagira omu butandu ngu “NaHS n‘omuhi w‘obuhwezi wa H2S ow‘omutindo kandi neekira kukoresibwa omu nkora y‘obujanjabi kuhindura H2S ahabwayo.”
Okugaaniira oku aharuguru nikworeka ngu NaHS neefeerwa kuruga omu nshonga kurabira omu kuhinduka kw’omuyaga, okuhinduka kw’ebiriisa (oxidation) n’okuhindura (photolysis), n’ahabw’ekyo ebiteekateeko bimwe nibiheebwayo kukyendeeza aha kufeerwa kwa H2S kuruga omu nshonga. Ekyokubanza, okufuka kwa H2S nikurugiirira aha nkoragana ya gaasi n’amaizi13 na pH y’omubazi11; n‘ahabw‘ekyo, okukyendeeza aha kufeerwa kw‘okufuka, enshaya y‘ekikopo ky‘amaizi neebaasa kukorwa nkye nk‘oku kirikubaasika nk‘oku kyashoboororwa enyima15,19, kandi pH y‘amaizi neebaasa kuhindurwa kuhika aha kikomo kyahaiguru ekirikwikirizibwa (nikwo kugira ngu, 6.5–8.551) kukyendeeza aha kufeerwa kw‘okufuka11. Ekyakabiri, okuhinduka kw’okwotsya kwa H2S nikubaho ahabw’ebirikuruga omu oxygen n’okugira ngu hariho ions z’ekyoma ezirikuhinduka omu maizi g’okunywa13, n’ahabw’ekyo okukyendeeza oxygen omu maizi g’okunywa na argon nari nitrogen44,45 n’okukoresa eby’ekyoma chelators37,47 nibibaasa kukyendeeza okuhinduka kw’ekyoma kya sulfides. Ekyakashatu, okuzibira okusheenya kw’ebishushani kwa H2S, ebicupa by’amaizi nibibaasa kuzingirwa n’ekipande kya aluminiyamu; Omuze ogu nigukwata n‘aha bintu ebirikuhurira omushana nka streptozotocin55. Eky‘aha muheru, eminyoro ya sulfide etari y‘obuhangwa (NaHS, Na2S, na CaS) neebaasa kuheebwa kurabira omu kusheeshasheesha omu mwanya gw‘okugisheenya omu maizi g‘okunywa nk‘oku kyagambirweho enyima56,57,58; okucondooza kworekire ngu radioactive sodium sulfide erikuheebwa omu nfuuzi kurabira omu kusheeshasheesha neenywa gye kandi egabwa haihi omu bicweka byona59. Okuhitsya hati, okucondooza okurikukirayo kuhaire omunda y‘ekibunu; kwonka omuhanda ogu tigurikukoresibwa munonga omu myanya y‘obujanjabi60. Aha rubaju orundi, omuhanda gw‘okunywa nigwo gurikukirayo kandi gurikukirayo kushemeza abantu61. Nahabwekyo, nituhabura ngu tukyebere ebirikuruga omu baheereza ba H2S omu nkoko barikukoresa okunywa.
Ekizibu n‘okugira ngu tukapima sulfide omu nshaho y‘amaizi n‘eshagama y‘omubiri turikukoresa omuringo gwa MB. Emiringo y’okupima sulfide harimu okupima ayodini, okupima ebiri omu itaka, omuringo gw’amashanyarazi (okupima amaani, okupima amaani, omuringo gwa coulometric n’omuringo gw’okupima amaani) n’okupima ebiri omu itaka (okupima ebiri omu gaasi n’okupima ebiri omu maizi ebirikukora gye munonga), omuri ebyo omuringo ogurikukirayo kukoresibwa ni MB2. Obugarukiro bw’omuringo gwa MB ogw’okupima H2S omu bishushani by’ebihangirwe n’okugira ngu nigupima ebirungo byona ebirimu ekibiriiti kandi ti H2S63 ey’obuntu ahabw’okuba neekorwa omu mbeera za asidi, ekirikureetaho okushohoza ekibiriiti kuruga omu nshonga y’ebihangirwe64. Kwonka, kurugiirira aha kitongore ky‘eby‘amagara g‘abantu omuri America, MB nigwo muringo gw‘omutindo gw‘okupima sulfide omu maizi65. Nahabwekyo, obugarukiro obu tiburikukwata aha byarugamu byaitu ebikuru aha kutagumizamu kw‘ebigarukwamu ebirimu NaHS. Ekindi, omu kucondooza kwaitu, okugarukaho kw’ebipimo bya sulfide omu maizi n’omu sampo z’eshagama ezirimu NaHS kukaba kuri 91% na 93%, buri kimwe. Emihendo egi neekwatagana n‘ebicweka ebyagambirweho enyima (77–92)66, ebirikworeka obuhikire bw‘okushwijuma oburikwikirizibwa42. Nikirungi kumanya ngu tukakoresa envunyu z‘abashaija n‘ez‘abakazi kurugiirira aha buhabuzi bw‘ekitongore ky‘eby‘amagara eky‘eihanga (NIH) okwetantara okwesiga munonga okucondooza kw‘enyamaishwa z‘abashaija zonka omu kucondooza okutakabaireho67 n‘okutaho envunyu z‘abashaija n‘ez‘abakazi kyaba nikibaasika68. Enshonga egi ekahamibwa abandi69,70,71.
Omu kuhendera, ebyarugamu omu kucondooza oku nibyoreka ngu ebirungo bya NaHS ebitebeekanisiibwe kuruga omu maizi g‘okunywa tibirikubaasa kukoresibwa kureetaho H2S ahabw‘okutagumaho kwabyo. Omuhanda ogu gw‘okuha obujanjabi gukaba nigwija kureetera enyamaishwa kutunga NaHS etagumire kandi eri ahansi y‘okuteekateeka; n’ahabw’ekyo, ebirugire omu kucondooza oku nibibaasa kutakwata aha bantu.
Ebihandiiko ebyakozesiibwe na/nari ebyashwijumirwe omu kucondooza okuriho hati nibibaasa kutunga kuruga aha muhandiiki orikubikwataho waaba nooshaba omu muringo oguhikire.
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