Ekitongore ky’eby’obuhangwa ekya America (EPA) kikataho ekiteiso ky’okuzibira haihi okukozesa kwona okwa dichloromethane, kandi okurikumanyirwa nka dichloromethane, okurikukoresibwa munonga omu kusheenya n’okuhwera omu kukora. Okuzibira oku okurikuteekateekwaho nikwija kugira akakwate kakuru n’amakorero maingi, n’emibazi eri ahagati ya miriyooni 100 na 250 eya pawundi erikukorwa nari erikureetwa omu ihanga omu 2019. Emikozesa mikye esigaireho, otwariremu n’okugikozesa nk’ekintu ky’okukyebera okukora HFC-32, neija kuba eine oburemeezi bw’amaani kukira emitindo ya OSHA eriho hati.
EPA erangirire ebiteiso by'okuzibira n'okuzibira omu kiragiro ekiteirweho ekyateirweho ebiro 3.05.2023, 83 Fed. kwehandikisya. 28284. Ekiteiso eki nikiija kuzibira ebindi byona ebirikukoresibwa abakozesa dichloromethane. Okukozesa kwona okwa dichloromethane omu makorero n’omu by’obushuubuzi, otwariiremu n’okukoresa nk’amaizi g’okuhingisa obutagatsi nari ebindi ebirikuhwera omu nkora, n’okukoresa okurikukirayo nk’ekirungo ky’okushohoza, nabyo nibiija kuzibirwa, okwihaho okukoresa ikumi okw’omutaano, ebiri aharibyo n’eby’omutaano munonga. Okukozesa okurikuzibirwa n’okutarikukoresibwa kuri aha muheru gw’okurabura oku. Ebiragiro bisya by‘okukoresa eby‘omugasho omu biro by‘omumaisho nibibaasa kukwata aha nkozesa ezitari omu nkora yoona.
Enkozesa ikumi ezitarikuteebwaho omu kuzibira niziija kureetaho ekyetengo ky’okuta omu nkora enteekateeka y’okurinda emibazi omu mwanya gw’okukoreramu (WCPP) kurugiirira aha mutindo gwa OSHA ogwa methylene chloride, kwonka n’obugarukiro bw’okukoresa emibazi oburiho oburi ahansi ya 92% kukira oku OSHA erikwikiriza.
Abarikwenda eki baine kuhisya ebiro 3.07.2023 kuhayo ebiteekateeko byabo aha kiragiro eki. EPA eshabire ebiteekateeko aha mitwe 44, otwariremu yaaba ekiragiro kya WCPP kiine kuza omu mwanya gw’okuzibira okukoresa okumanyirwe n’okureeba yaaba entebeekanisa y’okuzibira ey’okurahuka neebaasika. EPA nayo eshabire ebiteekateeko aha kukozesa kwona okuzibiirwe nikuhikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa nk‘okukoresa okukuru nari okukuru, ahabw‘okuba tihaine miringo endiijo ey‘obukuumi eriho.
Ekiteiso eki n’ekya kabiri ekiteirweho EPA ahabw’emibazi ikumi ekuru eri ahansi y’okushwijuma akabi ahansi y’ekicweka kya 6 eky’ebiragiro by’okurinda obutwa (TSCA). Ekyokubanza, eki n’ekiteekateeko ky’okuzibira ebindi byona ebirikukoresibwa chrysotile. Ekiragiro kya kashatu nikikwata ahari perchlorethylene, ekibaire nikishwijumwa ofiisi y’okutegyeka n’embariirira (OMB) kuruga ebiro 23.02.2023.Okuruga ebiro 20.03.2023, ekiteiso ky’ekiragiro ky’aha muheru ekya chrysotile (reeba okurabura kwaitu) kiri ahansi y’okushwijumwa kwa OMB.
Okushwijuma akabi okwakozirwe omukwamukaaga 2020 kukashanga akabi akatarikwetegyerezibwa omu mbeera zoona kureka mukaaga ahu methylene chloride yaakozesiibwe. Byona mukaaga hati nibireebeka omu runyiriri rw‘ebiragiro by‘okukoresa ebitebeekanisiibwe kurugiirira aha byetaago bya WCPP. Enshoboorora y‘akabi eyaagarukiremu omu Kwamwenda 2022 ekooreka ngu dichloromethane neereetaho akabi akataine nshonga omu bwijwire, n‘embeera emwe yonka ey‘okukoresa (okugaba omu by‘obushuubuzi) etaine kakwate n‘enshoboorora. Okuzibira okurikuteekateekwaho nikwija kubamu okugaba eby’obushuubuzi ahabw’ebigyendererwa ebizibiirwe, kwonka ti ahabw’okukoresa okurikukuratira ebiragiro bya WCPP. Ahabw’okushanga ngu dichloromethane neereetaho akabi akatari k’oburyo, ekicweka kya 6(a) ekya TSCA hati nikishaba EPA kutwara ebiragiro by’okurinda akabi k’omubazi kuhika aha rurengo orurikwetengyesa kugira ngu gutagaruka kureetaho akabi nk’ako.
EPA ekaba eherize kuzibira abaguzi kukoresa ekiriisa kya methylene chloride kwihaho erangi n’ebintu ebirikugijwara, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA obwahati neteekateeka okuzibira okukozesa kwona kw’abaguzi okutarikugambwaho omu kicweka kya 751.105, otwariremu okukora, okukora, n’okujanjaaza omu by’obushuubuzi methylene chloride n’ebintu ebirimu methylene chloride ahabw’ebigyendererwa ebi.
Okwongyera ahari ekyo, EPA neeteekateeka kuzibira okukoresa kwona okwa dichloromethane omu makorero n’omu by’obushuubuzi okutarikugyendera aha biragiro bya WCPP, otwariremu okukora, okukora, okugaba omu by’obushuubuzi, n’okukozesa ahansi y’embeera ezi z’okukoresa.
Aha muheru gw’okurabura oku hariho embeera 45 z’amakorero, eby’obushuubuzi, n’ez’abaguzi ezirikuteekateekwaho kuzibirwa. Orunyiriri oru rurugire omu kucondooza kw’akabi okwa 2020. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, EPA neteekateeka kutaho ekiragiro kisya ky‘okukoresa (SNUR) ekirikuza kukoresibwa ahari dichloromethane yoona nari ebintu ebirimu dichloromethane ebitari omu kucondooza aha kabi. Entebekanisa y‘okutegyeka eyashohoziibwe omu Kwamwenda neeteekateeka ngu SNUR neija kubaho omu Kwakana 2023 (EPA yaaheza kubura ekiro ekyo) kandi SNUR y‘aha muheru neija kubaho omu Kwakashatu 2024.
EPA neteekateeka ngu okuzibira oku nikwija kuba nk’ekicweka kimwe kya kashatu ky’ebintu byona ebirikukorwa buri mwaka nari ebirikureeta omu ihanga ahabw’okukoresa TSCA n’ebindi.
[T]ekiragiro ekiteirweho tikirikwija kukora aha kintu kyona ekitari omu nshoboorora ya “omubazi” ahansi y’ekicweka kya 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) ekya TSCA. Ebi bitarimu nibitwariramu, kwonka tibirikugarukira ahari... eby‘okurya byona, eby‘okurya ebirimu ebiriisa, omubazi, eby‘okujwara, nari eby‘okukoresa, nk‘oku kirikushoboororwa omu kicweka 201 eky‘ebiragiro bya Federo eby‘eby‘okurya, emibazi, n‘eby‘okujwara, byakorwa, byakorwa, nari byagabwa ahabw‘ebigyendererwa by‘obushuubuzi. . okukozesa omu by'okurya, eby'okurya ebirimu ebiriisa, emibazi, eby'okujwara nari eby'okukoresa...
Aha bikwatiraine n’ebikwato ebirikuhamya omu kukora bateri ezitebeekanisiibwe kukoresibwa omu by’obujanjabi, nk’oku kirikushoboororwa omu kicweka 201(h) eky’ebiragiro bya Federo eby’eby’okurya, emibazi, n’eby’okujwara, ebyo ebigambirweho ebirikuhikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa nk’ebikwato “byaba “bikozirwe, bikozirwe, nari bigabirwe kukoresibwa nk’ekikwato” kuruga omu “ sub definition of thumi would be” . aha kiragiro kyaba kyongyeire kutunguuka.
Okukozesa dichloromethane nk’amaizi agarikukorera omu nkora ekingire omu nkora y’emibazi nikyetengyesa okugikozesa nk’ekirungo ky’okushohoza omu kushemeza emibazi, kandi [EPA] eherize kuhendera ngu okukozesa oku nikugwa ahansi y’ebirikuruga omu nshoboorora ezi aharuguru, kandi ti “eby’emibazi” kurugiirira ahari TSCA.
Okuzibira ebirikureetaho okuzibira okubiika ebiriisa bya methylene chloride n’ebintu ebirimu ebiriisa bya methylene chloride. EPA neeshaba kuha ebiteekateeko byabo aha bwire obundi oburikwetengwa, nk’eky’okureeberaho, okuboneza emihanda y’okugaba ebintu ebizibiirwe. Ahabw‘okushaba kw‘okuha ebiteekateeko hati, EPA neebaasa kuba etaine mutima gw‘okuteekateeka aha kushaba kwongyezibwayo bwanyima.
Nkoku kirikworekwa omu biragiro 45 ebitarikwikirizibwa kukozesa, methylene chloride neekoresibwa omu makorero maingi, otwariremu nk’ekintu ekirikusheenya n’okuhwera omu kukora. Ekirugiremu, ekiteiso eki kyaheza kuhendera, nikiija kukwata aha makorero maingi. Okushwijuma akabi okwa 2020 nikworeka emyanya emwe ey‘okukoresa:
Dichloromethane eine emiringo mingi y’okukoresa, nk’okugikingaho, ebintu by’emotoka, n’okuihaho erangi n’ebintu ebirikugijwara. Dichloromethane neemanyirwa gye nk’ekintu ekirikuhwera omu kukyendeeza erangi n’omu kukozesa emibazi n’okujwara firimu. Nikikozesibwa nk’ekintu ekirikufuka ebiriisa bya polyurethane n’okukora ebirungo by’amaizi (HFC) nka HFC-32. Kandi neeshangwa omu bihingwa ebirikureeta omuyaga n’omu bihingwa ebirikukoresibwa omu kukora eby’amashanyarazi, okuboneza ebyoma n’okubiihaho amajuta, n’okuheza ebintu by’omu nju.
Amatsiko g’okuzibira okukoresa munonga methylene chloride nigareetaho ebibuuzo ebikuru aha miringo endiijo erikubaasa kukorwa. EPA neeteekateeka aha nshonga egi yaaba neeshwijuma emiringo endiijo, erikushoboororwa omu ntandikwa nk‘oku eri:
Okubaasa kumanya ebiragiro by‘okukoresa ebintu ebirimu methylene chloride hati, EPA emanyire ebikumi n‘ebikumi by‘ebintu ebindi ebitari methylene chloride ebirikushangwa omu katare kandi, nk‘oku kirikubaasika, ehandiikire emibazi yaabyo ey‘omutaano nari ebirungo omu kucondooza kw‘ebintu ebindi. .
EPA eshangire ebintu 65 ebindi eby‘okukoresa omu kicweka ky‘okuihaho erangi n‘okugijwara, kandi okuheza ebintu by‘omu nju n‘ekicweka kikye (ref. 48). Nk‘oku kyagambirwe omu kucondooza kw‘eby‘entasya, n‘obu ebintu ebi byona eby‘okuhindura biraabe bitarikubaasa kuba birungi ahabw‘ebigyendererwa by‘omutaano eby‘okukoresa ebimwe eby‘okuhunduuza ebintu by‘omu nju, emiringo y‘ebyoma nari ey‘okwotsya neebaasa kuba emiringo endiijo etari y‘eby‘emibazi omu kukoresa ebintu ebirimu methylene chloride ahabw‘okuihaho erangi n‘okugijwara. ... ...EPA neikiriza ngu hariho emiringo endiijo ey'okukoresa omuby'obutegyeki n'eby'entaasya aha katare...
[A] Ebindi ebirikukoresibwa omu kuhindura methylene chloride ebitarikumanywa nk‘ebirikuhwera omu kukora. EPA neeshaba amakuru aha miringo endiijo erikubaasa kukoresibwa omu kuhwera omu kukora methylene chloride nk‘oku kirikukwata aha miringo y‘okutegyeka erikuteekateekwaho ahansi y‘endagaano egi.
Okubura emiringo endiijo emanyirwe erikubaasa kukoresibwa nk‘eby‘okureeberaho n‘ekizibu ekirikubaasa kubaho. EPA neeshoboorora ebiragiro by’okukoresa nka:
Okukozesa dichloromethane omu makorero nari omu by’obushuubuzi kutunguura okukora kw’omuringo nari eby’okukoresa omu nkora, nari obu dichloromethane erikwongerwa omu nkora nari omu kintu nari omutaano ogurikuza kujanjabwa kuhindura nari okuzibira pH y’ekintu nari omutaano. Ekintu ekirikujanjaba tikirikuhinduka kimwe aha birugire omu kugarukamu kandi tikirikukwata aha murimo gw‘ekintu nari ekihandiiko ekirikurugamu.
Dichloromethane neekoresibwa nka “ekintu ekirikugaita omu nkora” kandi neekoresibwa nk’ekintu ekirikuhingisa obutagatsi omu nkora ezikingire. Ekiragiro ekiteirweho nakyo nikiija kuzibira okukoresa oku kwa dichloromethane n’obu eraabe eine obushoboorozi bukye bw’okukwatwaho. Kwonka, entandikwa neeyongyeraho eti:
EPA eshabire ebiteekateeko aha rulengo oru ebindi bibiina ebirikukoresa methylene chloride nk’obuhwezi omu kugikora biraakuratire ekiragiro kya WCPP ekiteirweho aha methylene chloride. Ebitongore bingi byaba nibibaasa kworeka kurabira omu kugaita amakuru g‘okureeberera n‘okushoboorora enkora ngu okugumizamu n‘okukoresa methylene chloride tikurikuta abakozi omu kabi akarengire, EPA neehamya okwetenga kwayo kuhendera ekiragiro ahansi y‘embeera ezi [nk‘okukoresa nk‘omuringo gw‘okuhingisa obutagatsi] nari embeera z‘okugumizamu n‘okukoresa ai PP [nk‘oku zirikubaasa]...
Nahabwekyo, amakampuni agarikukoresa methylene chloride omu mirimo erimu obushoboorozi bukye bw‘okukwatwaho, nk‘amaizi g‘okuhingisa obutagatsi, gaine omugisha gw‘okushaba EPA kuhindura ekiragiro ekiteirweho aha kukozesa nk‘okwo kwetenga okuta omu nkora WCPP—kwaba nikubaasa kworeka EPA ngu nigabaasa kukuratira ebirikwetengyesa bya WCCP ebigambirweho ahaifo. Ekitongore ky’okurinda eby’obuhangwa nakyo kigambire ngu:
EPA yaaba etarikubaasa kumanya emiringo endiijo yoona ey‘okukoresa omu mbeera egi y‘okukoresa kandi etarikuha makuru agandi kubaasa kushoboorora ngu WCPP neemaraho akabi akataine nshonga Appropriate Disposition.
Ekicweka kya 6(d) nikishaba EPA kwetenga okukuratira ebiragiro ahonaaho nk‘oku kirikubaasika, kwonka hatakahingwireho emyaka 5 bwanyima y‘okushohoza ekiragiro ky‘aha muheru. Omu bindi bigambo, okukoresa nk‘okwo nikubaasa kuhikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa kwongyerwayo obwire bw‘okukuratira ebiragiro.
Aha mbeera ikumi z‘okukoresa ezihandiikirwe ahaifo, obariiremu okukora n‘okukora kubaasa kureetaho HFC-32, okugaruka kugikozesa n‘okugisheenya, EPA ekataho enteekateeka y‘okurinda okukwatwaho omu myanya y‘emirimo (nikwo kugira ngu WCPP) nk‘omuringo ogundi ogw‘okuzibira. Enkora z‘okukyebera nizitwariramu ebyetaago by‘okutaho obugarukiro bw‘okushohoza, emyanya erikutegyekwa, okureeberera okushohoza (obariiremu ebyetaago bisya by‘okureeberera kurugiirira aha nkora nungi ya laboratory), enkora z‘okukuratira, okurinda okuhuuta, okurinda oruhu, n‘obwegyese. Ebiragiro ebi nibiyongyera aha mutindo gwa OSHA ogwa methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, kwonka nibisingura munonga aha mutindo ogwo n’empindahinduka emwe nkuru.
Emiringo ya OSHA (eyabandize kukozesebwa omu 1997) eine ekipimo ky‘okushohoza ekirikwikirizibwa (PEL) kya 25 ppm (eshaaha 8 z‘obwire-okupima (TWA)) n‘ekipimo ky‘okushohoza eky‘obwire bukye (STEL) kya 125 ppm (edakiika 15 TWA) . Omu kugyeragyeranisa, ekipimo ky‘okukoresa emibazi (ECEL) ekya TSCA hati ni 2 ppm (eshaha 8 TWA) kandi STEL ni 16 ppm (edakiika 15 TWA). Mbwenu ECEL ni 8% zonka eza OSHA PEL kandi EPA STEL neija kuba 12.8% eza OSHA STEL. Emiringo y‘okutegyeka eshemerire kukoresibwa kurugiirira ahari ECEL na STEL, n‘okutegyeka kw‘eby‘obuhangwa kuri okw‘okubanza kandi okukoresa eby‘okwerinda kw‘omuntu kuri eky‘aha muheru.
Eki nikimanyisa ngu abantu abarikuhikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa OSHA nibabaasa kutahikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa ECEL na STEL ebirikuhaburwa. Okubanganisa aha kubaasa kw’okuhikiiriza obugarukiro obu obw’okushohoza n’enshonga ereeteire EPA kuzibira okukoresa okurikukirayo omu makorero n’omu by’obushuubuzi okwa methylene chloride n’ebintu ebirimu methylene chloride.
Oyihireho okukozesa eby’okukora n’okukora eby’okurya ebihandiikirwe, ebiragiro bya WCPP nibikwata n’aha kusheenya n’okukora eby’okurya bya methylene chloride n’ebintu ebirimu methylene chloride. Ekirugiremu, amakampuni g‘okusheenya kasasiro n‘abarikugaruza ebintu omu nkora abarikubaasa kuba batarikumanya ebirikwetengyesa TSCA nibetenga kurenga aha mutindo gwa OSHA.
Okurugiirira aha bugazi bw’okuzibira okurikuteekateekwaho n’omubaro gw’amakorero agarikukozesa ebirikubaasa kukwatwaho, ebigambo aha kiragiro eki ekirikuteekateekwaho nibibaasa kuba bikuru kukira obwire bwona. Ebiteiso nibiija kuheebwa EPA ebiro 3 Okwamushanju 2023. Entandikwa neehabura ngu ebibiina biheereze ebiteekateeko byabo aha mpapura ezirikwetengyesa butunu ahari OMB ebiro 2 Okwamukaaga 2023.
Batakagambire, amakampuni n’ebibiina by’obushuubuzi (kurugirira aha miteekateekyere ya ba memba baabo) nibabaasa kwenda kuteekateeka aha bintu ebi:
Abarikucondooza nibabaasa kwenda kushoboorora gye oku barikukoresa methylene chloride, oku barikutegyeka eby‘obuhangwa kukyendeeza okukwatwaho, puroguraamu y‘okukuratira ebiragiro bya OSHA eriho hati, ebyarugamu omu kucondooza aha buyonjo bw‘amakorero bwa methylene chloride (n‘oku kirikugyeragyeranisibwa n‘okugyeragyeranisa kwa ECEL na STEL). ; ebizibu by‘eby‘obuhangwa ebiine akakwate n‘okumanya nari okuhindura aha nkora endiijo ey‘okukoresa methylene chloride ahabw‘okugikozesa; ekiro eki barikubaasa kuhindukiraho bakaza omu nkora endiijo (kyaba nikibaasika); n’obukuru bw’okukoresa kwabo omubazi gwa methylene chloride.
Ebigambo nk‘ebi nibibaasa kushagika okwongyezibwayo kw‘obwire bw‘okukuratira ebiragiro ahabw‘okugikozesa, nari ekiragiro kya EPA eky‘okushohoza okukozesa okumwe okwa methylene chloride kuruga omu kuzibira okuri ahansi y‘ekicweka kya 6(g) ekya TSCA. Ekicweka kya 6(g)(1) nikigira ngu:
Omutegyeki ku araabe yaashanga ngu...
(A) enkozesa ezimanyirwe n‘enkozesa z‘omugasho nari ez‘omugasho ezitariho enkora ezindi ezirikubaasika omu by‘obuhangwa n‘eby‘entaasya, orikuta omu nkora akabi n‘ebirikurugamu;
(B) okukuratira ekiragiro ekirikukwata aha mbeera z‘okukoresa ezimwe nikibaasa kuteganisa munonga eby‘entaasya y‘eihanga, oburinzi bw‘eihanga, nari eby‘obugaiga ebikuru; ningashi
(C) Embeera ezimanyirwe ez‘okukoresa omubazi nari omutaano niziha omugasho gw‘amaani omu by‘amagara, eby‘obuhangwa nari omu bukuumi bw‘abantu waagyeragyeranisa n‘ebindi ebiriho omu muringo oguhikire.
Tamu embeera, obariiremu okubiika ebihandiiko ebihikire, okureeberera n‘okuha ripooti ebirikwetengyesa, kuhika aha rurengo oru Omutegyeki arikureeba ngu embeera ezi nizetengyesa kurinda amagara n‘eby‘obuhangwa obwo arikuhikiiriza ekigyendererwa ky‘okushohozibwa.
Entandikwa neegira ngu EPA neija kuteekateeka aha kurekura ekicweka kya 6(g) haaba hatariho miringo endiijo erikubaasa kukorwa kandi okuhikiiriza ebyetaago bya WCPP tikirikubaasika:
Ebindi, EPA yaaba etarikubaasa kumanya omuringo ogundi gw‘okukoresa embeera egi [nk‘omuringo gw‘okuhingisa obutagatsi] kandi, kurugiirira aha makuru masya, EPA yaamanya ngu okuzibira okukoresa nikwija kukwata munonga aha bukuumi bw‘eihanga nari eby‘obugaiga ebikuru, Ekitongore EPA nikiija kugaruka kureeba oku TSCA Section 6(g) erikushohozibwa.
Abarikuha obuhabuzi nibabaasa kworeka yaaba nibabaasa kuhikiiriza ebyetaago bya WCPP, kandi kyaba kitari kityo, ni byetaago ki ebirikuzibira okushohozibwa ebi barikubaasa kuhikiiriza.
Okwehakana: Ahabw’okugira ngu amakuru aga nigakwata aha bantu boona, amakuru agarikuheebwa aha nigabaasa kutakora omu mbeera zoona, kandi tigaine kukorwaho hatariho buhabuzi bw’ebiragiro oburikurugiirira aha mbeera yaawe.
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