Ekihandiiko eki n’ekicweka ky’omutwe gw’okucondooza “Okukozesa obukooko oburikurwanisa obukooko, okuzibira obukooko oburikurwanisa obukooko n’obukooko obukye obw’enyamaishwa z’eby’okurya”. Reeba ebihandiiko 13 byona
Organic acids nizigumizamu nizetengyesa munonga nk’ebintu ebirikwongera omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi. Okuhisya hati, ekigyendererwa kibaire kiri aha kurinda eby’okurya, namunonga okukyendeeza aha ndwara ezirikuruga omu by’okurya omu nkoko n’ebindi bikooko. Obwahati asidi nyingi z’ebihangirwe nizikyeberwa nari ziherize kukoresibwa omu by’obushuubuzi. Omuri asidi nyingi z’ebihangwa ezicondooziibwe munonga, formic acid n’emwe aharizo. Formic acid neeyongyerwa omu by’okurya by’enkoko kukyendeeza aha kubaho kwa Salmonella n’ebindi bikoko ebirikuruga omu by’okurya omu by’okurya n’omu nkari bwanyima y’okubinywa. Okwetegyereza oburungi n‘okukwatwaho kwa formic acid aha nkora y‘okutunga endwara n‘eby‘okurya ku kurikweyongyera, nikiba nikireebeka gye ngu okubaho kwa formic acid nikubaasa kureetaho emihanda emwe omu Salmonella. Okugarukamu oku nikubaasa kuguma munonga formic acid yaataaha omu nkari kandi ekakwatagana n‘obukooko obutari bwa Salmonella obubaire bwaheza kutuura omu nda kwonka n‘ebimera by‘omunda byonka. Okucondooza oku nikwija kushwijuma ebyarugamu hati n’ebirikubaasa kubaho omu kucondooza okurikukiraho aha bikwatiraine n’ebintu ebikye ebiri omu nkoko n’eby’okurya ebijanjabirwe n’omubazi gwa formic acid.
Omu kuhinga amatungo n‘enkoko, ekizibu n‘okukora enkora z‘okureeberera ezirikutunguura okukura n‘okukora obwo barikukyendeeza akabi k‘obukuumi bw‘eby‘okurya. Omu byafaayo, okuha emibazi y‘okurwanisa obukooko omu nkora y‘okujanjaba eri ahansi y‘obujanjabi, kitunguukire omu magara g‘ebinyonyi, obugwagye, n‘okukora (1–3). Okurugirira aha nkora y‘okukora, kikateebwaho ngu emibazi y‘okurwanisa obukooko oburikuheebwa aha nkora y‘okuzibira neereetaho okugarukamu kw‘omukaikuru/omugurusi orikuhindura ebimera by‘omu nda (GI) kandi, omu kugarukamu, enkoragana yaabyo n‘omukaikuru/omugurusi (3). Kwonka, okwerarikirira okurikugumizamu aha kujanjaara kw‘obukooko oburikuruga omu by‘okurya obutarikubaasa kujanjaara n‘okubaasa kukwatagana n‘endwara ezitarikubaasa kurwanisa obukooko omu bantu, kireetsireho okurekyera aho mporampora okukoresa obukooko oburikurwanisa obukooko omu nyamaishwa z‘eby‘okurya (4–8). Nahabwekyo, okukora eby‘okurya ebirikwongera aha by‘okurya n‘okubitunguura ebirikuhikiiriza haakiri bimwe aha byetengo ebi (okutunguura amagara g‘ebinyonyi, obugwagye, n‘okukora) n‘eky‘omugasho munonga kuruga omu kucondooza kw‘obwegyese n‘okutunguura eby‘obushuubuzi (5, 9). Ebirungo by’eby’okurya by’obushuubuzi ebitari bimwe na bimwe bitaahire omu katare k’eby’okurya by’ebinyonyi, harimu probiotics, prebiotics, amajuta g’omugasho n’ebindi ebiine akakwate nabyo kuruga omu bimera bitari bimwe na bimwe, n’emibazi nka aldehydes (10–14). Ebindi ebiriisa by’obushuubuzi ebirikukira kukozesebwa omu nkoko harimu obukooko oburikureeta obukooko, zinc oxide, enzymes ezirikuruga aheeru, ebirungo by’okubinga ebirikurwanira, n’ebintu ebirimu asidi (15, 16).
Omuri eby’okurya ebiriho eby’emibazi, aldehydes na organic acids omu byafaayo nibyo bibaire biri ebirungo ebirikukirayo kwega kandi bikakoresibwa (12, 17–21). Asidi z‘ebihangwa, namunonga asidi z‘ebishaju eziine orujegyere rukye (SCFAs), nizimanyirwa gye nk‘ezirikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara. Asidi ezi z‘obuhangwa nizikoresibwa nk‘ebintu by‘okugaita omu by‘okurya ti kukyendeeza aha kubaho kw‘obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu nkora y‘eby‘okurya kwonka n‘okukora aha mirimo y‘omunda (17, 20–24). Okwongyera ahari ekyo, SCFAs nizikorwa omu kuzimba kw‘ebimera by‘omu mara omu nkora y‘okugabura eby‘okurya kandi niziteekateekwaho kuba nizikora omurimo gw‘omuringo omu kubaasa kw‘ebimwe aha bihingwa ebirikukora nk‘eby‘okurya (probiotics) n‘eby‘okurya ebirimu ebiriisa (prebiotics) kurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikunywa omu nkora y‘okurya (21, 23, 25).
Emyaka ehingwireho, ebishaju bitari bimwe na bimwe eby‘omurunga mukye (SCFAs) bitungire okufayo kwingi nk‘ebintu ebirikwongera aha by‘okurya. Okukira munonga, ebiriisa bya puropiyoni, butireiti, na formati bibaire biri eby’okucondooza bingi n’okukoresibwa omu by’obushuubuzi (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). N‘obu okucondooza okwabandize kwabaire kutaire omutima aha kukyebera obukooko oburikuruga omu by‘okurya omu by‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi n‘enkoko, okucondooza okuherize kukorwa kuhinduire omutima gwabyo aha kutunguuka kw‘okukora kw‘ebinyonyi okuri omu bwijwire n‘amagara g‘omu nda (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, na butyrate zitungire okufayo kwingi nk’ebintu ebirikwongera aha by’okurya ebirimu asidi y’ebihangwa, omuri ebyo asidi ya formic nayo n’emwe aha nshonga ezirikuraganisa (21, 23). Okuta omutima munonga aha nshonga z‘obukuumi bw‘eby‘okurya bya formic acid, namunonga okukyendeeza aha kujanjaara kw‘obukooko oburikuruga omu by‘okurya omu by‘okurya by‘amatungo. Kwonka, n’ebindi ebirikubaasa kukoresibwa nibiteekateekwaho. Ekigyendererwa kyona eky’okushwijuma oku n’okushwijuma ebyafaayo n’embeera eriho hati eya formic acid nk’omubazi gw’okutunguura eby’okurya by’amatungo (ekishushani 1). Omu kucondooza oku, nitwija kweshwijuma omuringo ogu formic acid erikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, nitwija kureeba gye oku kirikukwata aha matungo n’enkoko kandi tugaaniire aha miringo erikubaasa kukoresibwa kutunguura oburungi bwakyo.
Ekishushani 1. Maapu y‘ebiteekateeko y‘emitwe erikugambwaho omu kucondooza oku. Okukira munonga, ebigyendererwa ebi eby’omutaano bikateebwaho omutima ahari: okushoboorora ebyafaayo n’embeera eriho hati eya formic acid nk’omubazi gw’okutunguura eby’okurya by’amatungo, emiringo y’okurwanisa obukooko bwa formic acid n’ebirikuruga omu kugikozesa aha magara g’ebinyonyi n’enkoko, n’emiringo erikubaasa kutunguura oburungi.
Okukora eby’okurya by’amatungo n’enkoko n’omurimo gugumire ogurimu amatembezo maingi, harimu okukora embibo omu mubiri (nk’okuzisenda kukyendeeza aha buhango bw’ebicweka), okukora eby’okurya by’okwotsya kubaasa kuzikora nk’ebihimba, n’okwongyera ebiriisa bingi omu by’okurya kurugiirira aha byetengo by’eby’okurya by’omutaano eby’enyamaishwa (27). Ahakuba okugumirwa oku, tikirikutangaaza kureeba ngu okukora eby’okurya nikureetaho embibo omu mbeera zitari zimwe na zimwe z’eby’obuhangwa zitakahikire omu kishaayi ky’eby’okurya, omu bwire bw’okuzisenda, kandi bwanyima omu bwire bw’okuzitwara n’okuziriisa omu bihingwa by’eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa (9, 21, 28). Nahabwekyo, omu myaka, ekibiina ky’obukooko obukye obutari bumwe na bumwe kimanyirwe omu by’okurya, obutarimu obukooko bwonka beitu n’obukooko oburikurya obukooko, obukooko oburikureeta obuhuta, n’ebitumbisa (9, 21, 28–31). Ebimwe aha bikooko ebi, nk‘ebizimba ebimwe, nibibaasa kureetaho obutwa bwa mycotoxins oburikureetaho akabi aha magara g‘ebinyonyi (32–35).
Ebibaro bya bacteria nibibaasa kuba bitari bimwe na bimwe kandi nibirugiirira aha miringo emwe erikukoresibwa omu kwetaanisa n’okumanya obukooko obukye hamwe n’entandikwa y’eky’okureeberaho. Nk‘eky‘okureeberaho, ebirikukwata aha nkora y‘obukooko obukye nibibaasa kutaanisa hatakabaireho okujanjaba kw‘okwotsya okurikukwatagana n‘okuteera obujuma (36). N’obu obuhangwa bwa ira n’emiringo y’okutaho ebipande biraabe byahaire amakuru agamwe, okukoresa okuhererukireyo okw’omuringo gw’okukuratira ebiri omu nkora ya 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) kuheireyo okushwijuma okuhikire aha bantu b’omu kyanga ky’ebihingwa ebikye (9). Obu Solanki n’abandi. (37) bakakyebera obukooko oburikwetwa bacteria microbiome obw’embibo z’engaano ezibiikire kumara obwire buraingwa omu bwire oburimu phosphine, omubazi ogurikurwanisa obukooko, bakashanga ngu obukooko obu bukaba buri obw’emiringo mingi bwanyima y’okugyesha kandi bwanyima y’okubiikwa ameezi 3. Ekindi, Solanki na bagyenzi be. (37) (37) boorekire ngu obukooko oburikureeta endwara, obukooko oburikureeta endwara, obukooko oburikureeta endwara, n’obukooko oburikureeta endwara nizo zirikukirayo omu ngano, Bacillus, Erwinia, na Pseudomonas nizo zirikukirayo, kandi obukooko oburikwetwa Enterobacteriaceae bukakora minor. Okurugirira aha kugyeragyeranisa kw’eby’obuhangwa, bakahendera ngu okufuka kw’ekiriisa kya phosphine kukahindura munonga omubaro gwa bacteria kwonka tikuine kakwate n’ebintu bitari bimwe na bimwe eby’ebishaka.
Solanki n’abandi. (37) boorekire ngu enshonga z‘eby‘okurya nizibaasa n‘okugira obukooko oburikuruga omu by‘okurya oburikubaasa kureetera oburemeezi omu magara g‘abantu kurugiirira aha kushanga Enterobacteriaceae omu microbiome. Obukooko oburikuruga omu by’okurya nk’obukooko oburikureeta endwara nk’obukooko oburikwetwa Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, na Listeria monocytogenes bubaire nibukwatagana n’eby’okurya by’ebinyonyi n’eby’okurya by’omu itaka (9, 31, 38). Okugumaho kw’obukooko obundi oburikuruga omu by’okurya omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi n’enkoko obwahati tikumanyirwe. Ge na bagyenzi be. (39) bakakyebera ebirungo by’eby’okurya by’enyamaishwa ebirikurenga 200 kandi baataanisa obukooko oburikwetwa Salmonella, E. coli, na Enterococci, kwonka tibakashangire obukooko oburikwetwa E. coli O157:H7 nari Campylobacter. Kwonka, matrices nk‘eby‘okurya ebyomire nibibaasa kukora nk‘entandikwa y‘oburwaire bwa E. coli. Omu kusherura obukomooko bw‘okujanjaara kw‘obutwa bwa Shiga oburikureetaho obutwa bwa Escherichia coli (STEC) omu mwaka gwa 2016 oburikwetwa O121 na O26 oburikukwatagana n‘endwara z‘abantu, Crowe et al. (40) bakakozesa okukuratana kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri byona (whole-genome sequencing) kugyeragyeranisa ebicweka by‘omubiri ebyabaire biine oburwaire obu n‘ebintu ebiine akakwate n‘eby‘okurya ebirugire omu by‘okurya. Okurugiirira aha kugyeragyeranisa oku, bakahendera ngu ekirikubaasa kuba kyarugiremu esaano y’engaano mbisi erimu obutagatsi bukye kuruga omu bishengye by’okuteeka esaano. Obutagatsi bukye oburi omu ngano nibumanyisa ngu STEC nayo neebaasa kugumaho omu by’okurya by’enyamaishwa ebiine obutagatsi bukye. Kwonka, nk’oku Crowe na bagyenzi be baagambire. (40) manya, okwahukana kwa STEC kuruga omu sampo z‘esaano kigumire kandi nikyetengyesa emiringo y‘okwahukana kw‘obutafaari bw‘omubiri (immunomagnetic separation methods) kugaruraho obutafaari bwa bacteria oburikumara. Enkora z‘okukyebera ezirikushushana nizibaasa n‘okugumira okushanga n‘okwetaanisa aha bukooko obutarikukira kureebwa omu by‘okurya omu by‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa. Oburemeezi omu kukyebera nibubaasa n‘okuruga omu kugumaho kw‘obukooko obu kumara obwire buraingwa omu bihingwa ebiine obutagatsi bukye. Forghani n’abandi. (41) bakooreka ngu esaano y’engaano ebiikwa aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bw’omu kishengye kandi ekakyeberwa n’omubazi gw’okusheeshasheesha kw’omunda (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, na O145 hamwe na Salmonella (S. kandi n‘obunaku obu neebaasa kumanyirwa aha wiiki 24 na 52.
Omu byafaayo, Campylobacter tekataanisiibweho kuruga omu by’okurya by’enyamaishwa n’enkoko omu miringo y’obuhangwa bw’obuhangwa (38, 39), n’obu Campylobacter eraabe neebaasa kutaanisibwa juba kuruga omu nkora y’omunda y’enkoko n’ebintu ebirikuruga omu nkoko (42, 43). Kwonka eby‘okurya bikiine ebirungi byabyo nk‘enshonga erikubaasa kurugamu. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Alves na bagyenzi be. (44) boorekire ngu okukyebera eby’okurya by’enkoko ebiine amashaju na C. jejuni n’okukuratiraho okubiika eby’okurya aha bwire bw’obwire bubiri obutarikushushana kumara ebiro 3 nari 5 kikarugamu okugaruka kw’eby’okurya bya C. jejuni ebirikubaasa kugumaho kandi, omu mbeera ezimwe, nangwa n’okukanyira kwabyo. Bakahendera ngu C. jejuni buzima neebaasa kugumaho omu by’okurya by’enkoko kandi, n’ahabw’ekyo, neebaasa kuba enshonga erikubaasa kureetaho oburwaire aha nkoko.
Obukooko bwa Salmonella omu by‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi n‘enkoko bukatunga okufayo kwingi omu bwire bwa kare kandi nibuguma buri ekigyendererwa ky‘okuteeraho okurikugumizamu okukora emiringo y‘okukyebera erikukoresibwa munonga aha by‘okurya n‘okutunga emiringo y‘okukyebera erikukirayo oburungi (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Emyaka ehingwire, okucondooza kwingi kukyebeire okwetaanisa n‘okumanyisa Salmonella omu bitongore by‘eby‘okurya ebitari bimwe na bimwe n‘eby‘okurya (38, 39, 54–61). Okutwarira hamwe, okucondooza oku nikworeka ngu Salmonella neebaasa kutaanisibwa kuruga omu birungo by’eby’okurya ebitari bimwe na bimwe, ahu eby’okurya birikuruga, ebika by’eby’okurya, n’emirimo y’okukora eby’okurya. Emihendo y‘okujanjaara n‘ebika bya Salmonella ebikuru ebyabaire bitaanisiibwe nabyo bikaba bitarikushushana. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Li na bagyenzi be. (57) bakahamya ngu hariho obukooko bwa Salmonella spp. Kikashangwa omu 12.5% ​​aha sampo 2058 ezaabaire zitorotoirwe kuruga omu by‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa ebihikire, ebirungo by‘eby‘okurya, eby‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi, eby‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi, n‘eby‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi omu bwire bw‘okushorooza amakuru kuruga 2002 kuhika 2009. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, obukooko oburikukirayo obuhango obushangirwe omu 12.5% ​​z‘eby‘okureeberaho bya Salmonella ebyashangirwe biine oburwaire obu ni S. Senftenberg na S. Montevideo (57). Omu kucondooza okwakozirwe aha by‘okurya ebitebeekanisiibwe kurya n‘ebintu ebirikuruga omu by‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa omuri Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) bakagira ngu okujanjaara kwa Salmonella okurikukirayo kukaba kuri omu ngano z’eby’enyanja, kukuratirwaho puroteyini z’enyamaishwa, S. Mbanka na S. Montevideo nizo zirikukirayo kujanjaara. Ebyoma by‘eby‘okurya nabyo nibyoreka enshonga nyingi ezirikubaasa kureetaho okushiisha eby‘okurya omu bwire bw‘okutabura n‘okutaho ebirungo (9, 56, 61). Magossi n’abandi. (61) bakabaasa kworeka ngu enshonga nyingi z‘okushiisha nizibaasa kubaho omu bwire bw‘okukora eby‘okurya omu Amerika. Omu mazima, Magossi na bagyenzi be. (61) bakashanga haakiri obuhangwa bumwe oburungi bwa Salmonella omu bihingwa 11 eby’okuriisa (emyanya 12 ey’okutooranamu byona hamwe) omu mahanga munaana omuri America. Okweshushaniriza n’obushoboorozi bw’okukwatwa obukooko bwa Salmonella omu bwire bw’okukwaata eby’okurya, okubitwara, n’okubiha buri izooba, tikirikutangaaza kureeba ngu hariho amaani maingi g’okukora eby’okurya ebirikwongera omu by’okurya ebirikubaasa kukyendeeza n’okurinda obukooko obukye omu bwire bwona obu enyamaishwa zirikukora.
Tihariho bingi ebirikumanywa aha nkora y‘okugarukamu kw‘omutaano okwa Salmonella ahari formic acid. Kwonka, Huang na bagyenzi be. (62) nikyoreka ngu formic acid neeshangwa omu mara makye g’ebinyonyi ebirikunywa amaizi kandi ngu Salmonella spp. nizibaasa kureetaho asidi ya formic. Huang n’abandi. (62) bakakozesa omubaro gw’ebintu ebirikuhindura ebiri omu mubiri (deletion mutants) eby’emihanda mikuru kubaasa kumanya oku ebiriisa bya Salmonella birikworeka kandi bakashanga ngu formate neebaasa kukora nk’akamanyiso akarikujanjaara kureetera Salmonella kutaahirira obutafaari bwa Hep-2 epithelial cells. Obwire obuhweire, Liu na bagyenzi be. (63) bakataanisaho omutwazi wa formate, FocA, kuruga omu Salmonella typhimurium orikukora nk’omuhanda gwa formate ogw’omutaano ahari pH 7.0 kwonka kandi nigubaasa kukora nk’omuhanda gw’okushohoza formate ogutarikukora aha pH y’aheeru y’ahaiguru nari nk’omuhanda gw’okureeta formate/hydrogen ion aha pH nkye. Kwonka okucondooza oku kukakorwa aha kika kimwe kyonka ekya S. Typhimurium. Ekibuuzo nikigumaho ngu serotypes zoona nizigarukamu formic acid omu miringo erikushushana. Eki nikiguma kiri ekibuuzo ky‘okucondooza ekikuru ekiine kushoboororwa omu kucondooza okurikwija. Hatariho kugyendera aha byarugamu, nikiguma kiri eky‘obwengye kukoresa ebika bya Salmonella bingi nari nangwa n‘ebika bingi bya buri serotype omu kucondooza okukyebera baaba nibakora ebiteiso by‘omugasho eby‘okukoresa eby‘okurya ebirimu asidi kukyendeeza aha rurengo rwa Salmonella omu by‘okurya. Enkora ensya, nk‘okukoresa enkora y‘okuhandiika ebiri omu nkora y‘obuzaarwa (genetic barcoding) kuhandiika ebirikukwata aha nkora y‘okutaanisa ebicweka by‘abantu ebitarikushushana eby‘omuringo gumwe (9, 64), nibiha omugisha gw‘okumanya entaaniso nungi ezirikubaasa kukwata aha kuhendera n‘okushoboorora entaaniso.
Obuhangwa bw‘eby‘obuhangwa n‘omuringo gw‘okutaana kwa formate nabyo nibibaasa kuba bikuru. Omu kucondooza okurikukuratana, Beyer na bagyenzi be. (65–67) bakooreka ngu okuzibira Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, na Campylobacter coli kukaba nikukwatagana n‘omubaro gw‘ebiriisa ebitarikushushana kandi kukaba kutari aha pH nari asidi etarikushushana. Omuringo gw’eby’obuhangwa ogwa formate ogu obukooko obu burikutunga nagwo nigureebeka nk’ogukuru. Kovanda n’abandi. (68) bakakyebera ebihangirwe bingi ebitari bya Gram n‘ebiine Gram kandi baagyeragyeranisa ebicweka by‘okuzibira ebikye (MICs) eby‘ekiriisa ky‘omubiri (500–25,000 mg/L) n‘okutabura ebiriisa by‘omubiri n‘ebiriisa by‘omubiri eby‘obuntu (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Okurugirira aha mihendo ya MIC, bakashanga ngu sodium formate ekaba neezibira obukooko oburikureeta endwara ya Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, na Streptococcus pneumoniae zonka, kwonka ekaba etarikuzibira obukooko oburikwetwa Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, nari Enterococcus faecalis. Okutaana n’ekyo, okutabura sodium formate na sodium formate eya busha kukaba nikuzibira ebihangirwe byona, ekyareeteire abahandiiki kuhendera ngu free formic acid eine ebirikukira obwingi ebirikurwanisa obukooko. Nikibaasa kushemeza kukyebera emibaro etari emwe n‘emwe y‘emiringo egi ebiri y‘eby‘emibazi kureeba yaaba orurengo rw‘emihendo ya MIC nirukwatagana n‘omutindo gwa formic acid oguri omu nkora y‘okutabura n‘okugarukamu kwa 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia n’abandi. (69) bakagyezaho okuteerana kw’amajuta g’omugasho n’ebiriisa by’omubiri (nk’ebiriisa bya formic acid) aha bihingwa bingi ebyabaire biine obukooko oburikwetwa Escherichia coli, Salmonella, na Clostridium perfringens ebyatungirwe kuruga omu mpunu. Bakagyezaho oburungi bwa asidi mukaaga z’ebihangirwe, otwariremu formic acid, n’amajuta mukaaga ag’omugasho aha mpunu ezitaine rubaju, barikukoresa formaldehyde nk’omuringo gw’okukyebera ogurungi. Gomez-Garsiya n’abandi. (69) bakamanyisa MIC50, MBC50, na MIC50/MBC50 y‘omubazi gw‘okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara ya Escherichia coli (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), na Clostridium perfringens (1200 na 2400 ppm, 4), na Clostridium perfringens (1200 na 2400 ppm) ebyashangirwe birikukira ahari a2400). asidi zoona z’ebihangwa ezirikurwanisa E. coli na Salmonella. (69) Formic acid neekora gye aha ndwara ya Escherichia coli na Salmonella ahabw’obuhango bwayo bukye bw’ebicweka by’omubiri n’orujegyere rureingwa (70).
Beyer n’abandi. n’okukyebera ebika bya Campylobacter ebyataanisiibwe omu mpunu (66) n’ebika bya Campylobacter jejuni ebyataanisiibwe omu nkoko (67) kandi byayoreka ngu formic acid neetaanisa aha bipimo ebirikuhikaana n’okugarukamu kwa MIC okupimirwe aha asidi ezindi ez’ebihangwa. Kwonka, amaani g‘okugyeragyeranisa g‘asidi ezi, otwariremu na formic acid, gakabuuzibwa ahabw‘okuba Campylobacter neebaasa kukoresa asidi ezi nk‘ebintu ebiri ahansi (66, 67). Okukozesa asidi ya C. jejuni tikurikutangaaza ahabwokuba kworekwa ngu eine omubiri ogutarikuhindura ebiriisa. Nahabwekyo, C. jejuni eine obushoboorozi bukye bw’okuhindura ebiriisa by’omubiri kandi neeyesiga gluconeogenesis kuruga omu amino acids na organic acids ahabw’ebicweka byayo ebingi eby’amaani n’emirimo y’okukora eby’okurya (71, 72). Okwega okwabandize okwakozirwe Line na bagyenzi be. (73) bakakozesa omubaro gw’ebintu ebiri omu nkora (phenotypic array) ogurimu enshonga 190 eza kaboni kandi baayoreka ngu C. jejuni 11168(GS) neebaasa kukoresa asidi z’ebihangirwe nk’enshonga za kaboni, ezirikukira obwingi nizikora ahagati y’enzindo ya tricarboxylic acid. Ebindi ebyakozirwe Wagli na bagyenzi be. (74) okukozesa enkora ya phenotypic carbon utilization array ekooreka ngu ebika bya C. jejuni na E. coli ebyashwijumirwe omu kucondooza kwabo nibibaasa kukura aha asidi z’ebihangirwe nk’entandikwa ya carbon. Formate niyo erikuha amashanyarazi makuru omu nkora y‘okuhindura amaani g‘okuhuuta ga C. jejuni kandi, n‘ahabw‘ekyo, n‘entandikwa y‘amaani makuru ahari C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni neebaasa kukoresa formate nk’omugabi wa haidrojeni kurabira omu nkora ya formate dehydrogenase erikukwatanisa n’ekirungo ekirikuhindura formate kuba carbon dioxide, purotoni, na elekitironi kandi ekora nk’omuhi w’ekiriisa ky’okuhuuta (72).
Formic acid eine ebyafaayo by’okukoresibwa nk’omubazi gw’okutunguura eby’okurya ebirikurwanisa obukooko, kwonka ebikooko ebimwe nibibaasa n’okukora formic acid y’okukoresa nk’omubazi gw’okwerinda obukooko. Rossini n’abandi. (76) bakagira ngu formic acid neebaasa kuba eri ekicweka ky’omubisi gw’ebinyonyi ebirimu asidi ogwashobooroirwe Ray (77) haihi emyaka 350 enyima. Kuruga obwo, okwetegyereza kwaitu aha kureetaho formic acid omu nkoko n’ebindi bikooko kweyongyeire munonga, kandi hati nikimanyirwa ngu omuringo ogu n’ekicweka ky’omuringo gw’okwerinda obutwa obugumire omu bikooko (78). Ebibiina by’ebinyonyi ebitari bimwe na bimwe, harimu enjuki ezitaine nshonga, ebinyonyi ebiine obuhuta (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ebinyonyi ebiri ahansi y’itaka (Galerita lecontei na G. janus), ebinyonyi ebiine obuhuta (Formicinae), n’ebinyonyi ebimwe ebiine obuhuta (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), nibimanyirwa aha kureetaho asidi ya formic nk’omubazi gw’okwerinda,2–8).
Obundi enzigye nizo zirikukirayo kumanyirwa ahabw’okuba ziine asidi, ebicweka by’omutaano ebirikuzibaasisa kufuuhirira obutwa oburimu okukira munonga formic acid (82). Ente nizikoresa serine nk’ekintu ekirikubanza kandi zibiika formate nyingi omu nshaho zazo z’obutwa, ezirikumara okurinda ente ezirikuzitunga obutwa bwa formate kuhitsya obu zirikufuuhirirwa (78, 83). Formic acid ei barikusheesha neebaasa (1) kukora nk’ekirungo ky’okumanyisa abantu kubaasa kusikiriza enzigye ezindi; (2) kuba omubazi gw’okwerinda abarikuhakanisa n’enyamaishwa ezirikurya; kandi (3) kukora nk‘ekintu ekirikurwanisa obukooko n‘obukooko bwa bacteria ku kirikugambwaho n‘ekirungo nk‘ekicweka ky‘ebintu by‘ekibunu (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid erikuruga omu nshaho eine obushoboorozi bw’okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara, ekirikumanyisa ngu neebaasa kukoresibwa nk’ekintu ekirikuteebwa aha mutwe. Eki kikareebeka Bruch na bagyenzi be. (88), abayongyeireho synthetic formic acid aha nshaho kandi bakatunguura munonga emirimo y’okurwanisa obukooko obu. Obuhame obundi oburikworeka oburungi bwa formic acid n’omugasho gwayo omu by’amagara n’okugira ngu ebinyonyi ebihango ebirikurya ebinyonyi ebihango, ebitarikubaasa kureetaho asidi y’omu nda, nibirya enzigye ezirimu asidi ya formic kubaasa kutunga asidi y’omutaano nk’endiijo asidi y’okugabura eby’okurya (89).
Okukozesa omu nkora ya formic acid omu by’obuhingi n’oburiisa kuteekateekirweho kandi kwashomwa kumara emyaka mingi. Okukira munonga, formic acid neebaasa kukoresibwa nk’ekintu ekirikugaita omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi n’omu nshaho. Sodium formate omu muringo gw’ebintu ebigumire n’eby’amaizi neetwarwa nk’etaine kabi aha bihangirwe byona, abaguzi n’eby’obuhangwa (90). Okurugirira aha kucondooza kwabo (90), okutaho 10,000 mg z’ebirikwingana na formic acid/kg y’eby’okurya kukaba nikuteekateekwaho kuba kurungi aha miringo yoona y’enyamaishwa, kandi okutaho 12,000 mg y’ebirikwingana na formic acid/kg y’eby’okurya kukaba nikuteekateekwaho kuba kurungi aha mpunu. Okukozesa formic acid nk’ekintu ekirikutunguura eby’okurya by’ebinyonyi kikyebeirwe kumara emyaka mingi. Nikiteekateekwaho kuba kiine omugasho gw’eby’obushuubuzi nk’ekintu ekirikurinda ebiriisa bya silage kandi ekirikurwanisa obukooko omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi n’enkoko.
Ebirungo by’emibazi nka asidi bibaire biri ekintu kikuru omu kukora silage n’okureeberera eby’okurya (91, 92). Boreani n’abandi. (91) bakagira ngu okubaasa kutunga okukora gye kwa silage y’omutindo gw’ahaiguru nikyetengyesa kuguma n’omutindo gw’eby’okurya obwo orikuguma n’ebintu ebyomire bingi nk’oku kirikubaasika. Ekirugire omu kutunguura nk‘okwo n‘okukyendeeza aha kufeerwa aha mitwe yoona y‘omuringo gw‘okutaho ebiriisa: kuruga aha mbeera z‘okubanza ez‘omuyaga omu silo kuhika aha kukyebera okurikukuratiraho, okubiika n‘okugaruka kwigura silo ahabw‘okuriisa. Emiringo y’omutaano ey’okutunguura okukora silage y’omu misiri n’okukuratiraho okugifumbira silage egambirweho omu bwijwire ahandi (91, 93-95) kandi terikwija kugambwaho omu bwijwire aha. Ekizibu ekikuru n‘okusiisikara kw‘okwotsya okurikureetwaho ebitumbisa n‘ebizimba byaba biri oxygen omu silage (91, 92). Nahabwekyo, ebirungo by‘ebihangwa n‘eby‘okurya by‘eby‘amagara bikataho okurwanisa ebizibu ebirikuruga omu kusheenya (91, 92). Ebindi ebirikuteekateekwaho aha by’okugaita omu itaka harimu okukyendeeza aha kujanjaara kw’obukooko oburikubaasa kuba buri omu itaka (nk’eky’okureeberaho, obukooko oburikureeta endwara E. coli, Listeria, na Salmonella) hamwe n’ebizimba ebirikureeta obutwa bwa mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack n’abandi. (92) bakabaganisamu ebirungo ebirimu asidi omu miringo ebiri. Asidi nka propionic, acetic, sorbic, na benzoic asidi nizirinda obusingye bw’omuyaga (aerobic) bw’ebihingwa bya silagi ku birikuriisibwa ebihingwa ebirikurya ebihimba obwo birikukyendeeza okukura kw’ebihimba n’ebizimba (92). Mack n’abandi. (92) bakataanisa formic acid na asidi ezindi kandi bakagitwara nk’ekintu ekirikureetaho asidi butoosha ekirikuzibira clostridia n’obukooko oburikushiisha obwo barikuguma baine obuhame bwa puroteyini ya silage. Omu nkora, emiringo yaabo y’omunyugunyu niyo erikukirayo kukozesebwa omu miringo y’eby’emibazi okwetantara emitwarize y’okusheenya ebiri omu asidi omu muringo ogutari gw’omunyugunyu (91). Ebibiina bingi eby’okucondooza nabyo bicondoozire aha formic acid nk’ekintu ekirikugaita asidi omu nkora ya silage. Formic acid neemanyirwa aha kubaasa kuhindura asidi omu bwangu n’okuzibira okukura kw’obukooko obukye oburikushiisha omu itaka oburikukyendeeza aha puroteyini n’ebiriisa ebiri omu maizi ebiri omu itaka (99). Nahabwekyo, We na bagyenzi be. (92) bakagyeragyeranisa formic acid n’ebintu ebirimu asidi omu nshaho. (100) boorekire ngu formic acid neebaasa kuzibira Escherichia coli kandi ekyendeeze aha pH y’ebihimba. Obuhangwa bwa bacteria oburikureetaho formic na lactic acid nabwo bukateebwa omu silage kureetaho asidi n’okukora asidi y’ebihangwa (101). Omu mazima, Cooley na bagyenzi be. (101) bakashanga ngu silage ku yaabaire erimu asidi ya 3% (w/v) ya formic acid, okukora asidi ya lactic na formic kukarenga 800 na 1000 mg asidi y’ebihangwa/100 g sampo, nk’oku biri. Mack n’abandi. (92) bakashwijuma ebihandiiko by‘okucondooza eby‘okwongyeraho silage omu bwijwire, harimu n‘okucondooza okwashohoziibwe kuruga 2000 okwabaire kutaire omutima aha kandi/nari okurimu formic acid n‘ebindi asidi. Nahabwekyo, okushwijuma oku tikurikwija kugamba aha kucondooza kw‘omuntu ahabwe omu bwijwire kwonka nikwija kushoboorora busha enshonga nkuru ezimwe ezikwatiraine n‘oburungi bwa formic acid nk‘ekirungo ky‘eby‘okurya ebirimu ebiriisa by‘omubazi. Formic acid etariho n’eine oburinzi byombi bikyebeirwe kandi omu mbeera nyingi Clostridium spp. Emirimo yaayo erikushushana (okutwara ebiriisa, puroteyini, n‘okutwara lactate n‘okushohoza butyrate) nibikira kukyendeera, obwo okukora ammonia na butyrate kurikukyendeera kandi okuguma n‘ebintu ebyomire nikweyongyera (92). Hariho obugarukiro omu kukora kwa formic acid, kwonka okugikozesa nk’ekirungo ky’okugaita silage omu kugaita asidi ezindi nikireebeka ngu nikisingura zimwe aha nshonga ezi (92).
Formic acid neebaasa kuzibira obukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikureeta akabi aha magara g’omuntu. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Pauly na Tam (102) bakakyebera obukooko bukye bw’okukyebera n’obukooko bwa L. monocytogenes oburimu emiringo eshatu y’ebintu ebyomire (200, 430, na 540 g/kg) y’ebihimba by’omuceeri reero bwanyima baayongyeraho obukooko bwa formic acid (3 ml/kg) nari obukooko bwa lactic acid (8/5 × 1g) . Bakagira ngu obujanjabi bwombi bukakyendeeza L. monocytogenes kuhika aha rurengo orutarikureebwa omu silage y’ebintu ebyomire ebikye (200 g/kg). Kwonka omu itaka ry’ebintu ebyomire ebiri ahagati (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes ekaba neebaasa kureebeka bwanyima y’ebiro 30 omu itaka eryabaire riine formic acid. Okukyendeera kwa L. monocytogenes kukareebeka ngu nikukwatagana na pH y’ahansi, lactic acid, na asidi ezitarikushushana eziteeraine. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Pauly na Tam (102) bakareeba ngu lactic acid n’ebicweka bya asidi ebitarikushushana ebiteeraine bikaba biri bikuru munonga, ekirikubaasa kuba nikyo kyareeteire hatariho kukyendeera kwa L. monocytogenes okwareebirwe omu bihandiiko ebyabaire biine formic acid kuruga omu silages ezirimu ebintu byomire bingi. Okucondooza nk’okwo kushemerire kukorwa omu biro by’omumaisho aha bindi bikoko ebirikureeta endwara omu silage nka Salmonella na E. coli ebirikureeta endwara. Okushwijuma okurikukiraho okwa 16S rDNA okukuratana kw’ekibiina kyona eky’obukooko bwa silage nakyo nikibaasa kuhwera omu kumanya empindahinduka omu bwingi bw’obukooko bwa silage bwona oburikubaho aha mitwe etari emwe n’emwe y’okuziika kwa silage omu kubaho kwa formic acid (103). Okubona amakuru ga microbiome nikibaasa kuha obushagiki bw’okushwijuma kubaasa kuteebereza gye oku okukyebera kwa silage kurikugyenda omu maisho n’okukora eby’okurya ebirungi ebirikugaita kubaasa kuguma n’omutindo gwa silage gw’ahaiguru.
Omu by‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa ebirikwegamira aha ngano, formic acid neekoresibwa nk‘omubazi gw‘okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu by‘okurya ebitari bimwe na bimwe ebirikuruga omu ngano hamwe n‘ebirungo by‘eby‘okurya ebimwe nk‘ebirikuruga omu nyamaishwa. Ebirikubaho aha bwingi bw‘obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu nkoko n‘ebindi bikooko nibibaasa kubaganisibwamu munonga omu miringo ebiri: ebirikurugamu butoosha aha bwingi bw‘obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu by‘okurya byonka n‘ebirikubaho butoosha aha bukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikutegyeka omunda y‘enyamaishwa bwanyima y‘okurya eby‘okurya ebijanjabirwe (20, 21, 104). Nikireebeka gye ngu emiringo egi ebiri neekwatagana, nk’oku okukyendeeza aha bukooko oburikureeta endwara omu by’okurya kushemerire kurugamu okukyendeeza aha kukoloni enyamaishwa yaaba neerya eby’okurya. Kwonka, obutwa bw‘okurwanisa obukooko oburi omu asidi emwe eyongyeirwe omu nkora y‘eby‘okurya nibubaasa kuhindurwa ebintu bingi, nk‘ebiri omu by‘okurya n‘omuringo ogu asidi erikwongerwamu (21, 105).
Omu byafaayo, okukozesa formic acid n’ebindi bihingwa ebiine akakwate nabyo bibaire bitaire omutima munonga aha kukyebera butoosha Salmonella omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi n’enkoko (21). Ebirugire omu kucondooza oku bifunziibwe omu bwijwire omu kucondooza okutari kumwe okwashohoziibwe omu bwire butari bumwe na bumwe (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), n‘ahabw‘ekyo bimwe aha bikuru ebyarugamu omu kucondooza oku nibyo byonka ebirikugambwaho omu kucondooza oku. Okucondooza kwingi kworekire ngu omurimo gw’okurwanisa obukooko bwa formic acid omu by’okurya nigurugiirira aha dozi n’obwire obu formic acid erikukoresibwa, obutagatsi oburi omu by’okurya, n’obukooko oburi omu by’okurya n’omunda y’enyamaishwa (19, 21, 107–109). Omuringo gw‘eby‘okurya by‘omubiri n‘entandikwa y‘ebirungo by‘eby‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa nabyo nibireetaho enshonga. Nahabwekyo, okucondooza okutari kumwe kworekire ngu emihendo ya Salmonella Obutwa bwa bacteria oburikuruga omu bihingwa ebirikuruga omu nyamaishwa nibubaasa kutaanisa n’oburikuruga omu bihingwa ebirikuruga omu bimera (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Kwonka, entaaniso omu kugarukamu asidi nka formic acid neebaasa kuba neekwatagana n‘entaaniso omu kugumaho kwa serovar omu by‘okurya n‘obutagatsi obu eby‘okurya birikukoramu (19, 113, 114). Entaaniso omu kugarukamu kwa serovar aha kujanjaba asidi nayo neebaasa kuba enshonga y‘okushiisha enkoko n‘eby‘okurya ebiine obukooko (113, 115), kandi entaaniso omu kumanyisa ebiri omu nkora y‘obukooko (116) nayo neebaasa kukora kihango. Entaaniso omu kugumisiriza asidi neebaasa kugaruka kukwata aha kushanga Salmonella omu nkora y‘okuhinga asidi ezirikuruga omu by‘okurya zaaba zitarikukyeberwa gye (21, 105, 117–122). Omuringo gw‘omubiri gw‘eby‘okurya (omu kureeba obuhango bw‘ebicweka) nagwo nigubaasa kuhindura okubaho kw‘omubaro gw‘ebicweka bya formic acid omu nkora y‘okurya (123).
Enkora z‘okutunguura emirimo y‘okurwanisa obukooko bwa formic acid eyongyeirwe omu by‘okurya nazo nizikuru munonga. Asidi nyingi ziteirweho ahabw‘ebirungo by‘eby‘okurya ebiine obukooko bwingi bitakatabwire eby‘okurya kukyendeeza aha kusheeshasheesha okurikubaasa kubaho aha bikwato by‘okuteera eby‘okurya n‘ebizibu by‘okushemeza eby‘okurya by‘enyamaishwa (105). Jones (51) akahendera ngu Salmonella eziri omu by‘okurya zitakaboneziibwe n‘emibazi nizigumire kukyebera kukira Salmonella ezirikukwatagana n‘eby‘okurya bwanyima y‘okuziboneza n‘emibazi. Okujanjaba eby’okurya omu muringo gw’okwotsya omu bwire bw’okukora aha kishaayi ky’eby’okurya kigambirweho nk’omuringo gw’okutaaha omu nshonga kukyendeeza obukooko bwa Salmonella omu by’okurya, kwonka eki nikirugiirira aha nkora y’eby’okurya, obuhango bw’ebicweka, n’ebindi ebiine akakwate n’omuringo gw’okubikora (51). Omurimo gw‘okurwanisa obukooko bwa asidi nagwo nigurugiirira aha bwire bw‘obwire, kandi obutagatsi oburi ahaiguru omu kubaho kwa asidi z‘ebihangwa nibubaasa kugira eki bwakora aha kuzibira Salmonella, nk‘oku kirikureebeka omu buhangwa bw‘amaizi bwa Salmonella (124, 125). Okucondooza kwingi okwakozirwe aha by‘okurya ebiine obukooko bwa Salmonella nikushagika enteekateeka ngu ebiriisa ebiri ahaiguru nibyongyera aha burungi bwa asidi omu nkora y‘eby‘okurya (106, 113, 126). Amado n’abandi. (127) bakakozesa enkora y’ebicweka bya rwagati eby’okuteerana kwega aha nkoragana y’obutagatsi na asidi (formic nari lactic acid) omu miringo 10 ya Salmonella enterica na Escherichia coli eyataanisiibwe kuruga omu by’okurya by’ente ebitari bimwe na bimwe kandi ekateebwa omu bihimba by’ente ebiine asidi. Bakahendera ngu obutagatsi nibwo burikukirayo kureetaho okukyendeeza kwa obukooko obukye, hamwe na asidi n’omuringo gw’obukooko oburikutaana. Ekirikureetaho okukoragana na asidi nikikirayo, n‘ahabw‘ekyo ebirikuba biri ahansi y‘obutagatsi n‘okutaho asidi nibibaasa kukoresibwa. Kwonka kandi bakareeba ngu ebirugire omu kukwatanisa tibirikureebeka buriijo baaba nibakoresa formic acid, ekyabareeteire kuteekateeka ngu okuhinduka kwa formic acid aha bwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire bw’obwire (buffering effects) bw’ebicweka by’omubiri gw’eby’okurya (buffering effects) n’enshonga.
Okukyendeeza aha bwire bw‘okubiika eby‘okurya bitakaheirwe enyamaishwa n‘omuringo gumwe gw‘okuzibira okutaaha kw‘obukooko oburikuruga omu by‘okurya omu mubiri gw‘enyamaishwa omu bwire bw‘okuriisa. Kwonka asidi eri omu by’okurya ku erikuba yaaheza kutaaha omu nda, neebaasa kugumizamu neekora omurimo gwayo gw’okurwanisa obukooko. Omurimo gw‘okurwanisa obukooko oburimu asidi ezirikuheebwa aheeru omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha nigubaasa kurugiirira aha bintu bitari bimwe na bimwe, obariiremu okuteerana kwa asidi y‘omu nda, omwanya ogurikukoreramu omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha, pH n‘omwika gw‘omwika oguri omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha, emyaka y‘enyamaishwa, n‘omubaro gw‘enyamaishwa ( relativeal gastrobichite ). nikirugiirira aha mwanya gw‘omubiri gw‘omunda n‘okukura kw‘enyamaishwa) (21, 24, 128–132). Okwongyera ahari ekyo, omubaro gw‘abatuuragye b‘obukooko obutarikukora omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha (oburikuba nibukirayo omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha ey‘ahansi y‘enyamaishwa eziine omunda emwe nk‘oku zirikukura) nibureetaho asidi z‘omubiri kurabira omu kuzimba, ekindi nikibaasa kugira eki kyakora aha nkora y‘okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikutaaha omu nda–11).
Okucondooza kwingi okwabandize kukaba kutaire omutima aha kukozesa asidi z’ebihangirwe, otwariremu n’ebiriisa bya formate, kukyendeeza obukooko bwa Salmonella omu nkari z’omu nda, ekigambirweho omu bwijwire omu kucondooza okutari kumwe (12, 20, 21). Enshonga ezi ku zirikuteekateekwaho hamwe, ebikuru bingi nibibaasa kukorwa. McHan na Shotts (133) bakagira ngu okuriisa formic na propionic acid kikakyendeeza aha rurengo rwa Salmonella Typhimurium omu nkari y’enkoko ezaateirwemu obukooko obu kandi bakazipima aha biro 7, 14, na 21 by’obukuru. Kwonka, obu Hume na bagyenzi be. (128) bakareeba ngu propionate erimu C-14, bakahendera ngu propionate nkye munonga omu by‘okurya neebaasa kuhika omu nkari. Nikiguma nikimanyirwa yaaba eki nikibaho n’aha formic acid. Kwonka, enyimaho Bourassa na bagyenzi be. (134) bakagira ngu okuriisa formic na propionic acid kikakyendeeza aha rurengo rwa Salmonella Typhimurium omu cecum y’enkoko ezaabaire ziteirwemu obukooko obu, ezaabaire zikyeberwa aha biro 7, 14, na 21 by’obukuru. (132) bakareeba ngu okuriisa enkoko z’omukishaka formic acid ahari 4 g/t omu bwire bw’okukura kwa wiiki 6 kikakyendeeza aha kuguma kwa S. Typhimurium omu cecum kuhika ahansi y’omutindo gw’okukyebera.
Okubaho kwa formic acid omu by’okurya nikibaasa kugira eki kyakora aha bicweka ebindi eby’omunda y’enkoko. Al-Tarazi na Alshavabkeh (134) bakooreka ngu okutabura asidi y’omubiri n’ebiriisa by’omubiri nikibaasa kukyendeeza aha kusheeshasheesha kw’obukooko bwa Salmonella (S. PRlorum) omu birimwa n’omu nshaho y’omubiri. Thompson na Hinton (129) bakareeba ngu omutaano gw’eby’obushuubuzi ogwa formic acid na propionic acid gukeyongyera aha kuteerana kwa asidi zombi omu birimwa n’omu nshaho kandi gukaba guri ogw’okurwanisa obukooko oburikurwanisa Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 omu muringo gw’okukyebera ahansi y’embeera z’okureeberera ezirikujwekyera. Enteekateeka egi neeshagikwa ebihandiiko bya in vivo kuruga ahari Bird et al. (135) bakayongyeraho formic acid omu maizi g’okunywa g’enkoko z’omukishaka omu bwire bw’okusiiba oburikugyeragyeranisibwa zitakatwairwe omu meeri, nk’oku enkoko z’omukishaka zirikusiiba zitakatwairwe omu kitongore ky’okukora enkoko. Okwongyeraho formic acid omu maizi g’okunywa kikareetera okukyendeeza aha mubaro gwa S. Typhimurium omu birimwa n’omu nshaho, n’okukyendeeza aha mirundi y’ebirimwa ebiine S. Typhimurium, kwonka hatariho omubaro gw’ebihimba ebiine obukooko (135). Okukora enkora z‘okuhitsya oburwaire ezirikubaasa kurinda asidi z‘ebihangwa obwo zirikukora omu nkora y‘ahansi omu nda nikibaasa kuhwera omu kutunguura okukora gye. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, okuta omu nkora ebiriisa bya formic acid n’okugiteeka omu by’okurya, kworekwa ngu nibikyendeeza aha mubaro gwa Salmonella Enteritidis omu biri omu cecal (136). Kwonka eki nikibaasa kuhinduka kurugiirira aha kika ky’enyamaishwa. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Walia na bagyenzi be. (137) tibareebire okukyendeera kwa Salmonella omu cecum nari omu nshaho z‘empunu z‘ebiro 28 ezaabaire ziriisiibwe omutaano gwa formic acid, citric acid, n‘ebikopo by‘amajuta g‘omugasho, kandi n‘obu okushohozibwa kwa Salmonella omu nshaho kwabaire kukyendeire aha kiro kya 14, tikwakyendeire aha kiro kya 28. okuzibirwa.
N’obu okucondooza aha formic acid nk’omubazi gw’okurwanisa obukooko omu kuriisa amatungo kwabaire kutaire omutima munonga aha Salmonella erikuruga omu by’okurya, hariho n’okucondooza okumwe okurikuta omutima aha bukooko obundi oburikureeta endwara z’omu nda. Okucondooza okwakozirwe omu vitro okwakozirwe Kovanda na bagyenzi be. (68) nibagira ngu formic acid neebaasa n‘okukora gye aha ndwara ezindi ezirikuruga omu by‘okurya by‘omu nda, otwariiremu Escherichia coli na Campylobacter jejuni. Okucondooza okwabandize kworekire ngu asidi z’ebihangwa (nk’eky’okureeberaho, lactic acid) n’ebirungo by’eby’obushuubuzi ebirimu formic acid nk’ekirungo nibibaasa kukyendeeza aha nkora ya Campylobacter omu nkoko (135, 138). Kwonka nk‘oku kyagambirweho enyimaho na Beyer na bagyenzi be. (67), okukozesa formic acid nk‘omubazi gw‘okurwanisa obukooko bwa Campylobacter nikibaasa kwetengyesa okwegyendesereza. Ekirugire omu kucondooza oku nikireeta oburemeezi munonga aha kugaita eby’okurya omu nkoko ahabw’okuba formic acid niyo erikureeta amaani g’okuhuumura agakuru ahari C. jejuni. Ekindi, ekicweka ky‘ekicweka kyayo eky‘omu nda nikiteekateekwaho kuba nikireetwa okuriisa kw‘omubiri (metabolic cross-feeding) n‘ebintu by‘okuzibira asidi ebitaine mugasho ebirikuruga omu bacteria z‘omu nda, nka formate (139). Enteekateeka egi eine obukomooko. Ahabw’okugira ngu formate n’ekintu ekirikureeta obutwa bwa C. jejuni, ebiriisa ebirikuhinduka emirundi ebiri ebiine oburemeezi omu nkora ya formate dehydrogenase na hydrogenase byombi bikyendeeize aha mibaro y’okutwarwa omu nkoko z’omukibira waagyeragyeranisa n’ebika bya C. jejuni eby’omuringo gw’omukibira (140, 141). Tikirikumanywa oku okugaita formic acid ey’aheeru kurikukwata aha kutwarwa kw’omubiri gw’omu nda ahabwa C. jejuni omu nkoko. Ebicweka bya formate omu nda eby‘amazima nibibaasa kuba biri ahansi ahabw‘okuhindura kwa formate ahabw‘obukooko obundi obw‘omu nda nari okunywa formate omu nkora y‘ahaiguru y‘omu nda, n‘ahabw‘ekyo ebintu bingi nibibaasa kuhindura eki. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, formate n’ekintu ekirikubaasa kureetaho okuzimba ekirikuruga omu bacteria ezimwe omu nda, ekirikubaasa kuhindura aha rurengo rwa formate yoona ey’omu nda. Okupima obuhango bwa formate omu biri omu nda n’okumanyisa ebiriisa bya formate dehydrogenase orikukoresa metagenomics nikibaasa kureeta omushana aha bintu ebimwe eby’obuhangwa bw’ebintu ebikye ebirikureeta formate.
Roth n’abandi. (142) bakagyeragyeranisa ebirikuruga omu kuriisa enkoko z’omukishaka omubazi gw’okurwanisa obukooko oburikwetwa enrofloxacin nari omutaano gw’ebiriisa bya formic, acetic, na propionic acids aha kujanjaara kw’obukooko obutarikubaasa kurwanisa obukooko bwa Escherichia coli. E. coli isolates zoona hamwe n’ezitarikubaasa kurwanisa obukooko zikabarwa omu sampo z’omubiri eziteeraine kuruga omu nkoko z’enkoko z’ebiro 1 n’omu sampo z’ebiri omu cecal kuruga omu nkoko z’ebiro 14 na 38. E. coli isolates zikakyeberwa kureeba yaaba nizibaasa kurwanisa ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, na tetracycline kurugiirira aha nshonga z‘okuhendagura ezaabaire zitebeekanisiibwe enyima ahari buri mubazi gw‘okurwanisa obukooko. Obu obucweka bwa E. coli oburikushushana bwabarwa kandi bukamanyisibwa, enrofloxacin nari acid cocktail supplementation tihariho ekihindwire omubaro gwona ogwa E. coli ogwataanisiibwe kuruga omu ceca y’enkoko z’enkoko z’ebiro 17 na 28. Ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe eby’okurya ebirimu enrofloxacin bikaba birimu ebiriisa by’omubiri ebitarikubaasa kukwatwa endwara ya E. coli ebitarikubaasa kukyeberwa kandi bikakyendeera omu ceca. Ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe omubazi ogu bikaba bikyendeire aha mubaro gwa E. coli ogutarikukira ampicillin- na tetracycline omu ceca kugyeragyeranisa n’ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe enrofloxacin. Ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe asidi etaburiirwe nabyo bikaba biine okukyendeera omu mubaro gw’ebizimba bya E. coli ebitarikukira ciprofloxacin- na sulfamethoxazole omu nkari y’omubiri kugyeragyeranisa n’ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe enrofloxacin. Enkora ei asidi zirikukyendeeza aha mubaro gwa E. coli ezitarikubaasa kurwanisa obutwa hatariho kukyendeeza aha mubaro gwona ogwa E. coli n’okuhitsya hati tigukamanyirwe gye. Kwonka ebyarugire omu kucondooza okwakozirwe Roth na bagyenzi be. nizihikaana n‘ez‘omu guruupu ya enrofloxacin. (142) Eki nikibaasa kuba nikyoreka okukyendeera omu kujanjaara kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ebirikuzibira obutwa omu E. coli, nk‘ebirikuzibira ebirikukwatagana na plasmid ebishobooroirwe Cabezon et al. (143). Nikibaasa kushemeza kukora okucondooza okurikukirayo obuhango aha kuhakanisa obutwa oburikurwanisa obukooko oburikureetwa plasmid omu bantu b’omunda y’enkoko omu kubaho kw’ebintu ebirikwongera omu by’okurya nka formic acid n’okwongyera kuboneza okucondooza oku orikushwijuma okuzibira obukooko oburikurwanisa endwara omu nda.
Okukora eby’okurya ebirungi ebirikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara biine kuba biine akakwate kakye n’ebimera by’omu nda byona, namunonga ahari ebyo ebiine amagara makye ebirikuteekateekwaho kuba eby’omugasho aha mugyenyi. Kwonka, asidi z‘ebihangirwe ezirikuheebwa aheeru nizibaasa kugira ebirugiremu bibi aha bihangirwe ebirikutuura omu nda kandi kuhika aha rurengo rumwe nizihakanisa obushoboorozi bwazo obw‘okwerinda obukooko oburikureeta endwara. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Thompson na Hinton (129) bakareeba okukyendeera kw’omubaro gwa lactic acid omu birimwa omu nkoko ezirikuzaara ezirikuriisibwa omutaano gwa formic na propionic acids, ekirikumanyisa ngu okubaho kwa asidi ezi ez’aheeru omu birimwa kikarugamu okukyendeera omu lactobacilli z’ebirimwa. Lactobacilli z’ebirimwa nizitwarwa nk’ekizibu kya Salmonella, n’ahabw’ekyo okutabura microbiota egi ey’ebirimwa ebirikutuura omu itaka nikibaasa kuba eky’akabi aha kukyendeeza okusingura kw’okutwarwa kwa Salmonella omu nkora y’omu nda (144). Açıkgöz n’abandi. akashanga ngu ebirugire omu nkora y‘okukyebera ebinyonyi ebiri ahansi omu nda nibibaasa kuba biri ahansi. (145) Tihariho ntaaniso eyashangirwe omu bimera byona eby’omu mara nari omubaro gwa Escherichia coli omu nkoko z’enkoko z’ebiro 42 ezirikunywa amaizi agarimu asidi ya formic acid. Abahandiiki bakagira ngu eki nikibaasa kuba nikireetwaho okuhindurwa kwa formate omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha ey‘ahaiguru, nk‘oku kyareebirwe abacondoozi abandi abaine ebishaju by‘omubiri ebirikuheebwa omubiri (SCFA) (128, 129).
Okurinda formic acid kurabira omu muringo gumwe gw‘okugikingira nikibaasa kugihwera kuhika omu nkora y‘ahansi y‘omu nda. (146) bakareeba ngu microencapsulated formic acid eyongyeire munonga aha mubaro gw’ebishaju by’omurunga mukye (SCFA) ebiri omu cecum y’empunu kugyeragyeranisa n’empunu ezaabaire ziriisiibwe formic acid etarinzirwe. Ekirugiremu eki kikareetera abahandiiki kuteekateeka ngu formic acid neebaasa kuhika gye omu nkari y’ahansi yaaba erinzirwe gye. Kwonka ebindi bipimo bingi, nk‘ebiriisa bya formate na lactate, n‘obu biraabe biri ahaiguru y‘ebyo ebyabaire biri omu mpunu ezaabaire ziriisiibwe eby‘okurya by‘okutegyeka, bikaba bitaine ntaaniso omu by‘embariirira n‘ebiri omu mpunu ezaabaire ziriisiibwe eby‘okurya bya formate ebitarikurindwa. N‘obu empunu ezaabaire ziriisiibwe formic acid ezitarikurindwa n‘ezirikurindwa zoorekire haihi okweyongyera kw‘emirundi eshatu omu lactic acid, omubaro gwa lactobacilli tigukahindukire ahabw‘okujanjaba kwona. Entaaniso nizibaasa kworekwa munonga aha bukooko obundi oburikureeta lactic acid omu cecum (1) obutarikumanyirwa omu miringo egi na/nari (2) obu emirimo yaabwo ey‘okuhindura eby‘okurya erikuteganisibwa, obwo nibuhindura omuringo gw‘okuzimba nk‘oku lactobacilli ezirikutuura omu nkari zirikureeta lactic acid nyingi.
Kubaasa kwega gye aha bikwatiraine n’ebintu ebirikwongerwa omu by’okurya aha nkora y’omunda y’enyamaishwa z’omu faamu, emiringo y’okumanyisa obukooko obukye ey’omutindo gw’ahaiguru neeyetengyesa. Omu myaka mikye ehweire, okukuratana kw’omurembe ogurikukurataho (NGS) ogw’omubazi gwa 16S RNA gukoresiibwe kumanyisa microbiome taxa n’okugyeragyeranisa obutashushana bw’ebicweka by’obukooko obukye (147), ekihaire okwetegyereza kurungi aha nkoragana eri ahagati y’ebintu ebirikwongera omu by’okurya n’enyamaishwa z’omu nda poult microbiota z’eby’okurya.
Okucondooza kwingi kukozeise okukuratana kwa microbiome kukyebera okugarukamu kwa microbiome y’omu nda y’enkoko kubaasa kuhanga eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa. Oakley n’abandi. (148) bakakora okucondooza aha nkoko z’enkoko z’ebiro 42 eziteirwemu ebiriisa bitari bimwe na bimwe ebya formic acid, propionic acid, na medium-chain fatty acids omu maizi gaabo g’okunywa nari eby’okurya. Enkoko ezaabaire ziine oburwaire obu zikagyezibwa n’oburwaire bwa Salmonella typhimurium obutarikubaasa kukwatwa nalidixic acid kandi ceca zaazo zikaihwaho aha biro 0, 7, 21, na 42 by’obukuru. Sampuli za Cecal zikatebeekanisibwa ahabwa pyrosequencing 454 kandi ebyarugire omu kucondooza bikakyeberwa ahabw’okushoroora n’okugyeragyeranisa okushushana. Okutwarira hamwe, obujanjabi tiburakwatsire munonga aha rurengo rwa cecal microbiome nari S. Typhimurium. Kwonka, okutwarira hamwe, emihendo y’okushanga Salmonella ekakyendeera nk’oku ebinyonyi byabaire nibikura, nk’oku kirikuhamibwa omu kucondooza kwa taxonomic okwa microbiome, kandi n’obungi bw’ebicweka bya Salmonella nabwo bukakyendeera bwanyima y’obwire. Abahandiiki nibagira ngu enkoko z‘omukishaka ku zaabaire nizikura, obutashushana bw‘obukooko obukye oburikwetwa cecal microbial population nibweyongyera, n‘empindahinduka ezirikukirayo obukuru omu bimera by‘omunda ebyareebekire omu guruupu zoona z‘okujanjaba. Omu kucondooza okukozirwe juba, Hu et al. (149) bakagyeragyeranisa ebirikuruga omu kunywa amaizi n‘okuriisa eby‘okurya ebirimu omutaano gw‘ebiriisa by‘omubiri (asidi ya formic, asidi ya asetiki, asidi ya propionic, na ammonium formate) na virginiamycin aha sampo z‘ebihangwa by‘omubiri kuruga omu nkoko z‘omukishaka ezaabaire ziteeraine aha mitwe ebiri (ebiro 1–21 n‘ebiro 2–22). N‘obu entaaniso ezimwe omu nkora ya cecal microbiome ziraabe zaareebeka omu guruupu z‘okujanjaba aha biro 21 by‘obukuru, tihaine ntaaniso omu nkora ya α- nari β-bacteria eyaashangirwe aha biro 42. Aha kubura entaaniso aha biro 42 by‘obukuru, abahandiiki bakateekateeka ngu oburungi bw‘okukura nibubaasa kuba niburuga omu kutandikaho juba kw‘ebintu ebiine amagara makye ebiine emiringo etari emwe n‘emwe.
Okushwijuma kwa Microbiome okurikuta omutima aha cecal microbial community yonka nikubaasa kutayoreka ahu omu nkora y‘omu nda ebirikukirayo obuhango ebirikuruga omu by‘okurya ebirimu asidi z‘omubiri birikubaho. Microbiome y’omunda y’ahaiguru ey’enkoko z’omukishaka neebaasa kukwatwaho munonga ebirikuruga omu by’okurya ebirimu asidi z’ebihangwa, nk’oku kirikworekwa omu byarugamu bya Hume et al. (128). Hume n’abandi. (128) nikyoreka ngu ebicweka ebikuru ebya propionate ebyongyeirwemu exogenously bikanywa omu nkora y’ahaiguru ey’ebinyonyi. Okucondooza okukozirwe juba aha mitwarize y‘obukooko obukye oburi omu nda nakwo nikushagika enteekateeka egi. Nava n’abandi. (150) bakooreka ngu okuteerana kw’omutaano gw’ebintu ebiine amagara [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], asidi y’omubiri, na asidi y’omubiri (HFP) bikakwata aha bihingwa ebiri omunda kandi byayongyera aha kutwarwa kwa Lactobacillus omu ileum y’enkoko. Obwire obuhweire, Goodarzi Borojeni na bagyenzi be. (150) bakooreka ngu okuteerana kw’omutaano gw’ebintu ebiine amagara [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], asidi y’omubiri, na asidi y’omubiri (HFP) bikakwata aha bihingwa ebiri omunda kandi byayongyera aha kutwarwa kwa Lactobacillus omu ileum y’enkoko. (151) bakacondooza okuriisa enkoko z’enkoko z’omukishaka omutaano gwa formic acid na propionic acid aha bipimo bibiri (0.75% na 1.50%) kumara ebiro 35. Aha muheru gw’okugyezesa, ekihingwa, enda, distal two-thirds of ileum, na cecum bikaihwaho kandi sampo zatwarwa ahabw’okushwijuma omubaro gw’ebimera by’omu nda n’ebiriisa ebitari bimwe na bimwe barikukoresa RT-PCR. Omu buhangwa, okuteerana kwa asidi z’ebihangirwe tikuine akakwate n’obungi bwa Lactobacillus nari Bifidobacterium, kureka kukayongyera aha mubaro gwa Clostridium. Omu ileum, empindahinduka zonka zikaba ziri okukyendeera kwa Lactobacillus na Enterobacter, obwo omu cecum ebimera ebi bikaguma bitahindukire (151). Aha nkora y’okugaita ebiriisa by’omubiri ebirikukirayo, ebiriisa bya lactic acid byona (D na L) bikakyendeera omu birimwa, ebiriisa by’omubiri byombi bikakyeera omu gizzard, kandi ebiriisa by’omubiri bikaba biri ahansi omu cecum. Tihaine mpindahinduka ezaabaireho omu ileum. Aha bikwatiraine n’ebishaju by’omurunga mukye (SCFAs), empindahinduka yonka omu birimwa n’omu nshaho y’ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisibwa asidi z’ebihangwa ekaba eri omu rurengo rwa propionate. Ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe asidi y’omubiri eri ahansi munonga bikooreka okweyongyera kwa propionate haihi emirundi ikumi omu birimwa, obwo ebinyonyi ebyabaire biriisiibwe ebiriisa bibiri by’omubiri byorekire okweyongyera kwa propionate omu gizzard emirundi munaana n’emirundi ikumi n’etaano, nk’oku biri. Okwongyezibwaho kwa acetate omu ileum kukaba kuri ahansi y’emirundi ebiri. Okutwarira hamwe, ebihandiiko ebi nibishagika enteekateeka ngu ebingi ebyarugire omu kukozesa asidi y’ebihangwa ey’aheeru bikaba nibireebeka omu kuhinga, obwo asidi z’ebihangwa ziine ebirugiremu bikye aha bantu b’omu nda y’ahansi, ekirikumanyisa ngu emiringo y’okuzimba ey’ebimera ebirikutuura omu nda y’ahaiguru neebaasa kuba yaahindukire.
Nikireebeka gye ngu okushoboorora okurikukirayo obuhango aha nkora ya microbiome nikwetengyesa kushoboorora gye oku microbial zirikugarukamu kuhanga omu nkora yoona ey‘omu nda. Okweshwijuma okurikukirayo omu bwijwire aha nkora y’obukooko obukye obw’ebicweka by’omubiri ebitari bimwe na bimwe, namunonga ebicweka bya ruguru nk’ebirimwa, nikibaasa kuha okumanya okurikukiraho aha kutoorana guruupu ezimwe z’obukooko obukye. Emirimo yaabo ey‘okuhindura eby‘okurya n‘okuhindura eby‘okurya omu mubiri neebaasa n‘okumanyisa yaaba baine akakwate k‘okurwanisa n‘obukooko oburikureeta endwara oburikutaaha omu nkari. Kandi nikibaasa kuba eky’okushemeza kukora okucondooza kwa metagenomic kureeba yaaba okukwatwaho kw’eby’okurya ebirimu asidi omu bwire bw’amagara g’ebinyonyi nikutoorana obukooko oburikutuura “oburikugumisiriza asidi” bwingi, kandi yaaba okubaho n’/nari emirimo y’okuhindura eby’okurya omu mubiri gw’obukooko obu nikwija kujwekyera ekizibu ky’okwongyera aha nkora y’okujanjaaza endwara.
Formic acid ebaire neekoresibwa kumara emyaka mingi nk’omubazi gw’okugaita omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi kandi nk’omubazi gw’okugaita asidi omu by’okurya by’ebinyonyi. Ekimwe aha bikozeso byayo ebikuru n’okukora kwayo okurikurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu by’okurya n’okukuratiraho okubutwara omu nda y’ebinyonyi. Okucondooza okwakozirwe omu vitro kworekire ngu formic acid n’ekintu ekirikuhwera munonga omu kurwanisa obukooko bwa Salmonella n’obukooko obundi oburikureeta endwara. Kwonka okukozesa formic acid omu bihingwa by‘eby‘okurya nikubaasa kukyendeezibwa ahabw‘ebintu bingi ebiri omu birungo by‘eby‘okurya n‘obushoboorozi bwabyo bw‘okuzibira. Formic acid neereebeka nk‘eine eki erikukora aha Salmonella n‘obukooko obundi oburikureeta endwara waaginywa kurabira omu by‘okurya nari omu maizi g‘okunywa. Kwonka okuhakanisa oku nikubaho munonga omu nkora y‘ahaiguru y‘omunda, nk‘oku ebiriisa bya formic acid birikubaasa kukyendeera omu nkora y‘ahansi y‘omunda, nk‘oku kiri ahari propionic acid. Enteekateeka y‘okurinda asidi ya formic kurabira omu kugiteeka omu nkora neeha enkora erikubaasa kuhitsya asidi nyingi omu nkora y‘ahansi y‘omu nda. Ekindi, okucondooza kworekire ngu okutabura asidi z’ebihangirwe nibikora gye omu kutunguura okukora kw’enkoko kukira okuha asidi emwe (152). Campylobacter omu nkora y‘omu nda neebaasa kugarukamu omu miringo etarikushushana ahari formate, ahabw‘okuba neebaasa kukoresa formate nk‘omuhi w‘amashanyarazi, kandi formate niyo erikureeta amaani gaayo. Tikirikumanywa yaaba okwongyera aha nkora ya formate omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha nikibaasa kuba eky‘omugasho ahari Campylobacter, kandi eki nikibaasa kutabaho kurugiirira aha bimera ebindi eby‘omu nkora y‘okusheeshasheesha ebirikubaasa kukoresa formate nk‘ekirungo ky‘okukyebera.
Ebindi bihandiiko nibyetengyesa kucondooza aha bikwatiraine n‘ebirikuruga omu kunywa asidi y‘omu nda aha bukooko obutarikureeta endwara oburikutuura omu nda. Nitukunda kutoorana obukooko oburikureeta endwara tutarikuteganisa ebicweka by‘omubiri ebiine omugasho aha mugyenyi. Kwonka eki nikyetengyesa okweshwijuma okurikukiraho aha nkora ya microbiome y‘ebicweka ebi eby‘omubiri ebirikutuura omu nda. N‘obu okucondooza okumwe kuraabe kwashohoziibwe aha cecal microbiome y‘ebinyonyi ebiine obujanjabi bwa formic acid, nikyetengyesa okuta omutima munonga aha kigombe ky‘ebinyonyi ebiri omu nda y‘ahaiguru. Okumanya obukooko obukye n‘okugyeragyeranisa okushushana ahagati y‘ebicweka by‘obukooko obukye eby‘omu nda omu kubaho nari obutabaho bwa formic acid nikibaasa kuba okushoboorora okutahikire. Ebindi bishwijumirwe, obariiremu metabolomics na metagenomics, nibyetengyesa kushoboorora entaaniso z‘emirimo ahagati y‘ebicweka ebirikushushana omu nkora. Okushoboorora nk‘okwo ni kukuru munonga kutaho akakwate akari ahagati y‘ekibiina ky‘obukooko obukye omu nda n‘okugarukamu kw‘okukora kw‘ebinyonyi aha birungi ebirikwegamira aha formic acid. Okugaita enkora nyingi kubaasa kushoboorora gye emirimo y‘omu nda kiine kubaasisa okukora enkora z‘okugaita asidi z‘ebihangwa ezirikukora gye kandi aha muheru kutunguura okuteebereza kw‘amagara marungi g‘ebinyonyi n‘okukora gye obwo barikukyendeeza akabi k‘obukuumi bw‘eby‘okurya.
SR akahandiika okushwijuma oku arikuhwerwa DD na KR. Abahandiiki boona bakahayo bingi omu murimo ogwayorekwa omu kucondooza oku.
Abahandiiki nibarangirira ngu okucondooza oku kukatunga sente kuruga omu kampuni ya Anitox Corporation kutandikaho okuhandiika n’okushohoza okucondooza oku. Abarikuha sente bakaba bataine ki barikukora aha biteekateeko n’ebirugire omu kucondooza oku ebyagambirwe omu kihandiiko eki eky’okushwijuma nari aha kucwamu kukishohoza.
Abahandiiki abasigaireho nibarangirira ngu okucondooza oku kukakorwa hatariho nkoragana yoona ey’eby’obushuubuzi nari ey’esente erikubaasa kushoboororwa nk’erikubaasa kureetaho okutaikirizana.
Dr. DD nayenda kusiima obushagiki kuruga omu ishomero rya Yunivasite ya Arkansas Graduate kurabira omu kwegyesa kw’ekitiinisa, hamwe n’obushagiki oburikugumizamu kuruga omu puroguraamu ya Yunivasite ya Arkansas ey’eby’obuhangwa n’eby’obuhangwa n’ekitongore ky’eby’okurya. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, abahandiiki nibenda kusiima Anitox ahabw’obushagiki bw’okubanza omu kuhandiika okucondooza oku.
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