Ebintu by’aha meeza ebya Melamine nibikuhwera kutuura aha deck yaawe otaine kwerarikirira ngu noija kushiisha china yaawe nungi. Manya oku eby’okukoresa ebi eby’omugasho byahindukire eby’omugasho omu by’okurya bya buriijo omu myaka ya 1950 n’enyima.
Leanne Potts n'omunyamakuru owasingire ebiconco kandi atwire nahandiika aha by'okukora enju n'amaju kumara emyaka makumi ashatu. Niwe mukugu omu bintu byona kuruga aha kutoorana erangi y'ekishengye kuhika aha kuhinga enyanya z'obuhunguzi kuhika aha ntandikwa y'omurembe omu kuhanga eby'omunda. Emirimo ye ereebekire aha mikutu ya HGTV, Parade, BHG, emikutu y'engyenda hamwe na Bob Vila.
Marcus Reeves n’omuhandiiki oine obumanyirizi, omuhandiiki w’ebitabo, kandi omucondoozi w’amazima. Akatandika kuhandiika ripoota z’omu magaziini erikwetwa The Source. Emirimo ye ehandiikirwe omu mpapura z'amakuru eza New York Times, Playboy, Washington Post hamwe na Rolling Stone, hamwe n'ebindi bihandiiko. Ekitabo kye, Omuntu Akateera Orwaari: Okutunguuka kwa Rap omu bwire bw’okusiisikara kw’amaani g’Abajungu, kikatooranwa kutunga ekiconco kya Zora Neale Hurston. Niwe mushomesa orikuhwera omu yunivasite ya New York, ahu arikwegyesa okuhandiika n’okugaaniira. Marcus akatunga diguri ye ey’okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite ya Rutgers omuri New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Omuri America bwanyima y’orutaro, ekicweka ky’abantu b’omurembe gwa rwagati ekyabaire nikimanyirwa aha by’okurya by’omu kishaayi, abaana baingi, n’okuteerana omu bwire bw’okwehereera ahu otarikubaasa kuroota kuza kurya kyakiro n’ebijwaro bya china birungi n’ebijwaro by’aha meeza ebiremeire ebya damask. Kureka, ebikopo ebyabaire nibikunda munonga omu bwire obwo n’ebikopo by’ebiveera, na munonga ebyabaire bikozirwe omu melamine.
Dr. Anna Ruth Gatling, omuhwezi wa purofeesa w’eby’omunda omu Yunivasite ya Auburn orikwegyesa ebyafaayo by’okukora eby’omunda, naagira ati: “Buzima melamine neebaasa kukoresibwa omu muringo ogu ogw’amagara ga buriijo.”
Melamine n’ekirungo ky’obuveera ekyahangirwe omunyabwengye w’omu Bugirimaani orikwetwa Justus von Liebig omu myaka ya 1830. Kwonka ahabw’okugira ngu ebintu ebyo bikaba nibitwara esente nyingi kukora kandi von Liebig taracwiremu eky’okukora aha kintu eki yaahangire, bikaguma bitaine ki birikukora kumara emyaka igana. Omu myaka ya 1930, okutunguuka omu bya tekinologiya kukareetera melamine kuba ey’obuguzi bukye kukora, n’ahabw’ekyo abakozi b’ebishushani bakatandika kuteekateeka aha ki barikubaasa kugikoramu, bwanyima bakashanga ngu omuringo ogu gw’ebiveera ebitarikuhinduka omu bwire bw’okwotsya nibibaasa kuheebwa omuriro kandi bikabumbwamu eby’okurya by’omu mwabazyo ebitarikutwara sente nyingi kandi ebirikukorwa omu bwingi.
Omu biro byayo eby’okubanza, kampuni ya American Cyanamid erikushangwa omuri New Jersey ekaba eri emwe aha kampuni ezirikwebembera omu kukora n’okugaba obutunguru bwa melamine omu by’obuveera. Bakahandiika obuveera bwabo obw’ekirungo kya melamine ahansi y’akamanyiso ka “Melmac”. N’obu ekintu eki kiraabe nikikoresibwa n’okukora ebikwato by’eshaaha, ebikwato by’okukwatiraho esitoovu n’ebikwato by’okukwatiraho ebintu by’omu nju, nikikira kukoresibwa kukora eby’okukoresa aha meeza.
Ebintu by’okukoresa aha meeza ebya melamine bikakoresibwa munonga omu rutaro rw’ensi yoona orwa kabiri kandi bikaba bikorwa omu bwingi ahabw’abaserukare, amashomero n’amarwariro. Ahabw’okugira ngu ebyoma n’ebindi bintu nibibura, obuveera obusya nibutwarwa nk’ebintu by’omumaisho. Obutashushana n’ebindi biveera ebyabandize nka Bakelite, melamine neeguma omu miringo y’eby’obuhangwa kandi neebaasa kugumira okwozya n’okwotsya buri kaanya.
Bwanyima y’orutaro, ebikopo by’aha meeza ebya melamine bikataaha omu nkumi n’enkumi z’amaka omu bwingi. “Omu myaka ya 1940 hakaba hariho ebimera bishatu ebihango ebya melamine, kwonka omu myaka ya 1950 hakaba hariho ebikumi n’ebikumi,” Gatlin nikwo arikugira. Ebimwe aha bikoreso by’okuteeka eby’omubazi gw’ekyoma ebirikukirayo kumanyirwaho harimu eby’okurya bya Branchell, Texas Ware, Lenox Ware, Prolon, Mar-crest, Boontonware, na Raffia Ware. .
Obukaikuru n’obukaikuru bw’abantu ba America ku baafurukiire omu bicweka by’omu byaro bwanyima y’okutunguuka kw’eby’entaasya bwanyima y’orutaro, bakagura ebikwato by’okuriiraho eby’okurya ebya melamine kuhikaana n’amaka gaabo masya n’amagara gaabo masya. Okutuura omu patio kihindukire ekiteekateeko kisya eki abantu barikukunda munonga, kandi amaka nigayetenga eby’okukoresa bya pulasitiki ebitari by’obuguzi bwingi ebirikubaasa kutwarwa aheeru. Omu bwire bw’okutunguuka kw’abaana, melamine niyo ekaba eri ekintu kirungi munonga omu bwire obwo. Gatlin akagira ati: “Eby’okurya buzima ti bya buriijo kandi toine kwegyendesereza.” “Noobaasa kuzinaga!”
Okuranga kuruga omu bwire obwo kukaba nikugira ngu ebikopo bya Melmac nibikora nk’ekiveera ky’amahano eky’okukoresa “okutuura omu buhangwa bwa ira otaine kwerarikirira.” Ekindi kirango ky’omuringo gwa Branchell ekya Color-Flyte kuruga omu myaka ya 1950 kikaba nikigira ngu ebikoreso by’okuteeka “bikaba bihamibwa ngu tibirikwija kusheenya, kusheenya nari kuhenda.” Erangi ezirikumanywa munonga nizitwariramu pinka, bururu, turquoise, mint, yellow na white, eziine ebishushani by’ebishushani ebirikushemeza omu muringo gw’ebimuri nari ogw’atomu.
Gatlin akagira ati: “Okutunguuka kw’emyaka ya 1950 kukaba kutarikushushana n’emyaka ikumi endiijo yoona.” Amatsiko g’obwire obu nigareebeka omu rangi n’ebishushani by’eby’okurya ebi ebirikushemeza, nikwo arikugira. Gatlin naagira ati: “Ebintu by’aha meeza ebya melamine biine ebishushani ebyo byona ebyabaire biri omugati y’ekyasha, nk’ebikopo ebikye n’ebikwato bikye ebiboneire eby’okukwatiraho ebikopo, ebirikubihindura eby’omutaano.” Abaguzi nibahimbisibwa kujwanzya n’okujwanzya erangi kwongyera aha buhanguzi n’omuringo gw’okuhunda. ekihika.
Ekirungi munonga n’okugira ngu Melmac neebaasa kugura gye: set y’abantu bana ekaba neegura nka doola 15 omu myaka ya 1950 kandi hati neegura nka doola 175. Gatlin akagira ati: “Tibari b’omuhendo. “Noobaasa kwikiriza emize kandi buzima oyorekye emitwarize yaawe ahabw’okuba oine omugisha gw’okugihindura bwanyima y’emyaka mikye okatunga erangi ensya.”
Omuringo gw’okukoresa ebikopo by’aha meeza ebya melamine nagwo nigushemeza. Omumerika orikwetwa Cyanamid akapangisa omuhangu omu by’amakorero Russell Wright, owaareetsire eby’omurembe aha meeza ya America n’omuringo gwe gw’eby’okukoresa eby’omurembe gwa America kuruga omu kampuni ya Steubenville Pottery, kukora eby’obufumu bye n’eby’okukoresa omu meeza eby’ebiveera. Wright akakora omuringo gw’ebintu by’okukoresa aha meeza ebya Melmac ahabwa kampuni ya Northern Plastics, eyasingire ekiconco kya Museum of Modern Art ahabw’okukora gye omu mwaka gwa 1953. Ekicweka eki ekyabaire nikyetwa “Home” kikaba kiri kimwe aha bikoreso bya Melmac ebyabaire nibikira kushemeza abantu omu myaka ya 1950.
Omu myaka ya 1970, eby’okwozya ebikopo n’eby’okukoresa omu maikoroweevu bikahinduka eby’okukoresa omu biyungu bya Amerika, kandi eby’okuteeka eby’omubazi gwa melamine bikagwa omu mutima. Obuveera bw’okutangaaza obw’emyaka ya 1950 bukaba butaine bukuumi bw’okukozesa omu bikoreso byombi eby’okuteeka kandi bukahindurwa Corelle nk’okutoorana okurungi kw’ebintu by’okuteeka ebya buriijo.
Kwonka omu kutandika kw’emyaka ya 2000, melamine ekatunga okugarukaho hamwe n’ebintu by’omurembe eby’omugati y’ekyasha. Omuringo gw’okubanza ogwa 1950 gukaba ebintu by’okuteerana kandi omurongooti musya gw’ebintu by’okukoresa aha meeza ebya melamine gukahangwa.
Empindahinduka omu by’obuhangwa omu nkora ya melamine n’omuringo gw’okugikora nizigihindura ey’okwozya ebikopo kandi ekagiha amagara masya. Omu bwire nibwo bumwe, okweyongyera kw’okwenda okurinda eby’obuhangwa kureeteire melamine kuba ekintu ekirikushemeza abantu omu mwanya gw’ebipande ebirikukoresibwa omurundi gumwe ebirikuhendera biri omu itaka bwanyima y’okubikoresa omurundi gumwe.
Kwonka kurugiirira aha kitongore ky’eby’okurya n’emibazi ekya America, melamine n’okuhitsya hati terikubaasa kuheebwa omu maikoroweevu, ekirikuzibira okugaruka kwayo, eya ira n’ensya.
“Omu bwire obu obw’okushemererwa, okutaana n’okushoboorora okushemeire okw’omu myaka ya 1950, eby’okurya ebyo ebya ira ebya melamine tibirikubaasa kukoresibwa buri izooba,” Gatlin nikwo arikugira. Twaza ebikopo by’okurya eby’omu myaka ya 1950 ebigumire n’obwegyendesereza nk’oku orikutwaza ekintu ky’eira. Omu kyasha kya 21, ebipande by’ebiveera nibibaasa kuhinduka eby’omuhendo ebirikuteeranirwa hamwe, kandi melamine eya ira neebaasa kuhinduka china nungi.