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Okutunguuka kwa shale omu biziba bya clastic nikureetaho oburemeezi bw’amaani, ekirikureetaho obutagumizamu bw’ebiziba. Ahabw’enshonga z’eby’obuhangwa, okukozesa amaizi g’okutimba agarikwongyerwaho ebizibu by’okusheenya (shale inhibitors) nikukirayo kukozesebwa kukira amaizi g’okutimba amajuta. Amaizi ga Ionic (ILs) gakareetaho okuteekateeka kwingi nk’ebirikuzibira shale ahabw’okugira ngu nibibaasa kuhindurwa n’emitwarize yaabyo ey’amaani ey’amashanyarazi. Kwonka amaizi g’okutimba (ILs) agarikukoresibwa imidazolyl, agarikukoresibwa munonga omu maizi g’okutimba, gakahamibwa kuba ag’obutwa, tigarikusheenyagurika kandi nigatwara esente nyingi. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) nizitwarwa nk‘ezirikukirayo kutwara esente nyingi kandi ezitarikureeta obutwa bwingi kukira amaizi g‘ayoni, kwonka nabwo nizigwa omu nkora y‘okurinda eby‘obuhangwa ebirikwetengyesa. Entunguuka eyahererukireyo omu muringo ogu ereetsireho okutandikaho eby’obuhangwa ebirikukora nk’eby’obuhangwa (NADES), ebirikumanywa ahabw’okurinda eby’obuhangwa buzima. Okucondooza oku kukacondooza aha NADESs, ezirimu citric acid (nk‘ekirikwikiriza omukago gwa haidrojeni) na glycerol (nk‘ekirikuha omukago gwa haidrojeni) nk‘ebintu ebirikwongera aha maizi g‘okutimba. Amaizi g’okutimba agarikukoresibwa NADES gakakorwa kurugiirira ahari API 13B-1 kandi emirimo yaago ekagyeragyeranisibwa n’amaizi g’okutimba agarikukoresibwa potassium chloride, amaizi g’okutimba agarikukoresibwa imidazolium, n’amaizi g’okutimba ga choline chloride:urea-DES. Ebintu by‘omubiri n‘eby‘obuhangwa ebya NADESs z‘obugabe nibishoboororwa omu bwijwire. Ebintu bya rheological, okufeerwa kw’amaizi, n’ebintu by’okuzibira shale eby’amaizi g’okutimba bikakyeberwa omu kucondooza, kandi kikareebeka ngu aha nkora ya 3% NADESs, oburemeezi bw’okuhinga/obuveera bw’okutaho obuveera (YP/PV) bukeeyongyera, obuhango bw’ekikopo ky’ebishaka bukakyendeera n’omubaro gw’okushwijuma gukaba guri1%. Ekikuru, NADES ekatunga omubaro gw’okuzibira okutunguuka ogurikushemeza ogwa 49.14% kandi yayongyera aha kutunga amabaare g’omusheenyi n’ebicweka 86.36%. Ebirugiremu ebi nibirugiirira aha busobozi bwa NADES kuhindura emirimo y’ahaiguru, obushoboorozi bwa zeta, n’okutaho omwanya ahagati y’ebishaka, ebirikugambwaho omu rupapura oru kwetegyereza enkora eziri ahansi. Amaizi aga ag’okutimba agatarikuhwaho nigateekateekwaho kuhindura omu by’okutimba ahabw’okuha omuringo ogutarimu obutwa, ogutarikutwara sente nyingi, kandi ogurikukora gye munonga omu mwanya gw’ebintu by’obuhangwa ebirikuzibira okusheenyagura kw’amabaare g’omusheenyi, ekirikutaho omuhanda gw’okutimba amaizi agatarikushiisha eby’obuhangwa.
Shale n’orukiri orurikukoresibwa omu miringo mingi orurikukora nk’entandikwa n’ekibiiko ky’amaizi g’omu itaka, kandi omutindo gwarwo ogurimu obucupa1 niguha obushoboorozi bw’okukora n’okubiika eby’obugaiga ebi eby’omuhendo. Kwonka shale erimu eby’obugaiga by’eibumba nka montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite na illite, ebirikugireetera kuzimba munonga ku erikuba eri omu maizi, ekirikureetaho obutaguma bw’ebiina omu bwire bw’okukora emirimo y’okutimba2,3. Enshonga ezi nizibaasa kureetera obwire obutarikukora (NPT) n‘ebizibu bingi by‘okukora obariiremu emipiira ekwatsirwe, okubura okutambura kw‘ebishaka, okugwa kw‘ebiina n‘okusheenyagura kakye, okweyongyera kw‘obwire bw‘okugaruka omu buteeka n‘esente. Omu buhangwa, amaizi g’okutimba amajuta (OBDF) nigo gaabaire nigakira kutooranwa omu kuhanga amabaare ahabw’obushoboorozi bwago bw’okuzibira okutunguuka kw’amabaare4. Kwonka okukozesa amaizi g’okutimba amajuta nikireetaho esente nyingi n’akabi aha by’obuhangwa. Amaizi g’okutimba agarikukoresibwa eby’obuhangwa (SBDF) gakateekateekwaho nk’omuringo ogundi, kwonka okuhikiirira kwago aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bwingi tikurikumara. Amaizi g’okutimba (WBDF) n’omuringo ogurikushemeza ahabw’okuba nigakora gye, nigakora gye aha by’obuhangwa, kandi nigakora gye kukira OBDF5. Ebizibu by’okuzibira okusheeshasheesha ebitari bimwe na bimwe bikoresiibwe kwongyera aha busobozi bw’okuzibira okusheeshasheesha kwa WBDF, harimu ebizibu by’obuhangwa nka potassium chloride, lime, silicate, na polymer. Kwonka ebizibi ebi biine obugarukiro omu kureeba okukora gye n’okukwatwaho kw’eby’obuhangwa, namunonga ahabw’okugira ngu K+ eri ahaiguru omu bizibu bya potassium chloride n’okuhurira kwa pH kw’ebihimba bya silikati. 6 Abacondoozi bacondoozire aha kubaasa kw’okukoresa amaizi g’ayoni nk’ebintu ebirikwongera aha maizi g’okutimba kutunguura rheology y’amaizi g’okutimba n’okuzibira okuzimba kw’ebishaka n’okukora amaizi. Kwonka amaizi aga ag’ayoni, namunonga agarimu imidazolyl cations, okutwarira hamwe nigareeta obutwa, nigatwara esente nyingi, tigarikubaasa kusheenyuka, kandi nigayenda emiringo y’okutebeekanisa egumire. Okushoborora ebizibu ebi, abantu bakatandika kusherura omuringo ogundi ogw’okukoresa eby’entaasya n’okurinda eby’obuhangwa, ekyareeteire okurugayo kw’ebintu ebirikwetwa deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES n‘omutaano gw‘eutectic ogurikukorwa omuhi w‘obuhwezi (HBD) n‘omuhi w‘obuhwezi (HBA) aha nkora ya molar ratio n‘obutagatsi obumanyirwe. Ebirungo ebi eby’eutectic biine ebicweka by’okusheenya ebiri ahansi kukira ebicweka byabyo eby’omuntu ahabwe, okukira munonga ahabw’okuhinduka kw’eshagama okurikureetwaho enkoragana za haidrojeni. Enshonga nyingi, otwariremu amaani ga lattice, empindahinduka ya entropy, n’enkoragana ahagati ya anions na HBD, nizikora omurimo muhango omu kukyendeeza aha nshonga y’okusheenya DES.
Omu kucondooza okuhwaire, ebintu bitari bimwe na bimwe bikayongyerwa omu maizi g’okutimba kubaasa kumaraho ekizibu ky’okujanjaaza shale. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Ofei na bagyenzi be. n’okwongyeraho 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), ekyakyendeeza munonga obuhango bwa keeki y’ebishaka (okuhika ahari 50%) kandi kyakyendeeza aha muheendo gwa YP/PV na 11 aha bwire bw’obwire obutarikushushana. Huang n’abandi. n’okukoresa amaizi g’ayoni (okukira munonga, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide na 1,2-bis(3-heksilimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) omu kugaita n’ebicweka bya Na-Bt kandi bikakyendeeza munonga okuzimba kw’eitaka ry’omusheenyi n’ebicweka 86.43% na 941. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, Yang na bagyenzi be. akakozesa 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide na 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide kukyendeeza okuzimba kw’ebishaka n’ebicweka 16.91% na 5.81%, nk’oku biri. 13 Yang n’abandi. kandi bakakozesa 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide kandi bakakyendeeza aha kutunguuka kw’eitaka n’ebicweka 31.62% obwo barikuguma n’okugaruka kw’eitaka ahari 40.60%. 14 Okwongyera ahari ekyo, Luo na bagyenzi be. akakozesa 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate kukyendeeza okuzimba kw’ebishaka n’ebicweka 80 ahari igana. 15, 16 Dai n’abandi. akakozesa ionic liquid copolymers okuzibira shale kandi akatunga okweyongyera kwa 18% omu kugaruka omu nkora kugyeragyeranisa n’ebirikuzibira amine. 17
Amaizi g’ayoni gonka gaine oburemeezi obumwe, ekyareeteire abanyasayansi kusherura ebindi ebitarikushiisha eby’obuhangwa omu mwanya gw’amaizi g’ayoni, kandi nikwo DES yaazairwe. Hanjia niwe yaabandize kukoresa ebirungo bya eutectic ebiri omunda (DES) ebirimu ebiriisa by’omubiri (1:1), ebiriisa by’omubiri (1:2), n’ebiriisa by’omubiri (1:2), na 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + ebiriisa by’omubiri (1:1:2), ebyabaire nibizibira be8% the, 58%, nk’oku biri18. Omu kugyezesa okwa busha, MH Rasul akakozesa omubaro gwa 2:1 ogwa glycerol na potassium carbonate (DES) kandi yakyendeeza munonga okuzimba kw’eby’okureeberaho by’amabaare g’omusheenyi n’ebicweka 87%19,20. Ma akakozesa urea:vinyl chloride kukyendeeza munonga okujanjaara kw’eitaka ry’ebishaka n’ebicweka 67%.21 Rasul et al. Okuteerana kwa DES na polymer kukakoresibwa nk’omubazi gw’okuzibira shale ogw’ebikorwa bibiri, ekyahikireho okuzibira shale okurungi munonga22.
N‘obu deep eutectic solvents (DES) omu bwijwire ziraabe nizitwarwa nk‘ezindi ezirikukirayo kuba ez‘ekibira kukira amaizi g‘ayooni, nizigira n‘ebintu ebirikubaasa kuba eby‘obutwa nk‘eminyoro ya ammonium, ekirikureetera obugwagye bwazo kuba obw‘okubuuzabuuza. Ekizibu eki kireetsireho okukora eby’obuhangwa ebirikwetwa deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Na hati niziteebwa omu kicweka kya DES, kwonka zirimu ebintu by’obuhangwa n’emwonyo, harimu ebiriisa by’omubiri (KCl), ebiriisa by’omubiri (CaCl2), ebiriisa bya Epsom (MgSO4.7H2O), n’ebindi. Ebikwato bingi ebirikubaasa kugaita DES na NADES nibiiguraho omuhanda muhango gw‘okucondooza omu mwanya ogu kandi nibiteekateekwaho kutunga okukoresibwa omu miringo etari emwe n‘emwe. Abacondoozi baingi batungire obusinguzi omu kuhangaho emiringo mirungi y‘okuteerana DES erikworekwa ngu neekora gye omu miringo etari emwe n‘emwe. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Naser na bagyenzi be. 2013 bakakora DES erikwegamira ahari potassium carbonate kandi baacondooza aha mitwarize yaayo ey’okwotsya, eyarugiremu ekatunga okukoresibwa omu myanya y’okuzibira amaizi g’okusheeshasheesha, okutimba amaizi g’okugaita, okusheeshasheesha, n’okusheeshasheesha. 23 Jordy Kim na bagyenzi be bakakora NADES erikwegamira aha ascorbic acid kandi baashwijuma emitwarize yaayo ey‘okurwanisa obukooko oburikureeta endwara omu miringo etari emwe n‘emwe. 24 Kristo n’abandi. akakora NADES erikwegamira ahari citric acid kandi yaamanya obushoboorozi bwayo nk’ekintu ekirikuhwera omu kukora ebintu bya kolajeni. 25 Liu Yi n‘abakozi bagyenzi be bakafunza okukozesa kwa NADES nk‘eby‘okukoresa eby‘okushohoza n‘okukyebera ebiri omu nkora omu kucondooza okuhikire, obwo Misan et al. akagamba aha nkora nungi eya NADES omu kitongore ky’eby’obuhingi n’oburiisa. Ni kikuru munonga ngu abacondoozi b‘amaizi g‘okutimba batandikye kuta omutima aha burungi bwa NADES omu kukozesa kwabo. bwajuba. Omu mwaka gwa 2023, Rasul na bagyenzi be. akakozesa emibazi etari emwe n’emwe ey’ebirungo by’obuhangwa ebiri omunda ebirikwegamira aha ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 n’omunyugunyu gwa Epsom29 kandi akatunga okuzibira okurikushemeza n’okugaruzaho okusheeshasheesha. Okucondooza oku n’omwe aha kucondooza okwabandize kutandikaho NADES (okukira munonga citric acid na glycerol-based formulation) nk’ekintu ekirikuzibira eby’obuhangwa kandi ekirikukorera gye okuzibira shale omu maizi g’okutimba, ekiine okuhama kw’eby’obuhangwa okurungi munonga, obushoboorozi bw’okuzibira shale oburungi n’okukora kw’amaizi g’obuhangwa nk’oku K . imidazolyl erikwegamira aha maizi g‘ayoni hamwe na DES y‘obuhangwa.
Okucondooza oku nikwija kubamu okutebeekanisa omu nju kwa citric acid (CA) based NADES kukuratirwaho okushoboorora okuhikire okw’eby’omubiri n’okugikozesa nk’ekintu ekirikugaita omu maizi g’okutimba okushwijuma emitwarize y’amaizi g’okutimba n’obushoboorozi bwayo bw’okuzibira okuzimba. Omu kucondooza oku, CA neija kukora nk‘omuhikirizi w‘omukago gwa haidrojeni obwo glycerol (Gly) eraakore nk‘omugabi w‘omukago gwa haidrojeni ogutoorainwe kurugiirira aha nkora ya MH ey‘okushwijuma ahabw‘okukora/okutoorana NADES omu kucondooza kw‘okuzibira shale30. Ebipimo bya Fourier ebirikuhindura ebiri omu itaka (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) n’obushoboorozi bwa zeta (ZP) nibiija kushoboorora enkoragana eri ahagati ya NADES n’eibumba n’omuringo oguri ahansi y’okuzibira okuzimba kw’eibumba. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, okucondooza oku nikwija kugyeragyeranisa amaizi g’okutimba agarikugyendera aha CA NADES na DES32 agarikugyendera aha 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl na choline chloride d:urea (1:2) kucondooza aha burungi bwago bw’okutimba n’okutunguura okukora kwago omu shale.
Sitiriki asidi (eine amaizi gamwe), glycerol (99 USP), na urea bikagurwa kuruga omu EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ekirungo kya choline (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, na ekirungo kya potasiyumu bikagurwa kuruga omu kampuni ya Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Emibazi y‘emibazi yoona neeyorekwa omu kishushani 1. Ekishushani kya kinyasi nikigyeragyeranisa emibazi emikuru erikukoresibwa omu kucondooza oku: amaizi g‘emidazolyl ionic, choline chloride (DES), asidi ya sitiriki, asidi ya sitiriki, asidi ya sitiriki, na NADES (asidi ya sitiriki na sitiriki). Emeeza y‘okurinda eby‘obuhangwa bw‘emibazi erikukoresibwa omu kucondooza oku neeyorekwa omu kipande 1. Omu meeza, buri mubazi nigukyeberwa kurugiirira aha butandu, okubaasa kusheenyagura eby‘obuhangwa, omuhendo, n‘okurinda eby‘obuhangwa.
Emiringo y’eby’obuhangwa ey’ebintu ebyakozesiibwe omu kucondooza oku: (a) asidi ya sitiriki, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) klorini kloraidi, na (d) glycerol.
Abahi b‘obuhwezi bw‘amaizi (HBD) n‘abarikuha obuhwezi bw‘amaizi (HBA) abarikwenda kukora NADES erikwegamira ahari CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) bakatooranwa n‘obwegyendesereza kurugiirira aha nkora y‘okutoorana MH 30, erikugyendererwa kukora NADES nk‘ebintu ebirikuzibira shale ebirikukora gye. Okurugirira aha nkora egi, ebicweka ebiine omubaro muhango gw‘abahi b‘obuhwezi n‘abarikwikirizibwa b‘omukago gwa haidrojeni hamwe n‘ebicweka by‘emirimo y‘omu nkora ya polar nibitwarwa nk‘ebihikire omu kutunguura NADES.
Okwongyera ahari ekyo, amaizi g’ayoni [EMIM]Cl na choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) bikatooranwa kugyeragyeranisa omu kucondooza oku ahabw’okuba nibikoresibwa munonga nk’ebintu ebirikwongera aha maizi g’okutimba33,34,35,36. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, ekirungo kya potassium chloride (KCl) kikagyeragyeranisibwa ahabwokuba n’ekintu ekirikuzibira okukira munonga.
Citric acid na glycerol bikataburwa omu nkora zitari zimwe na zimwe z’okutunga ebirungo bya eutectic. Okukyebera okurikureebwa kukareebeka ngu omutaano gw’eutectic gukaba guri amaizi garikushushana, agarikureebeka gye gataine nshonga, ekirikworeka ngu omuhi w’obuhwezi bw’omubazi gw’amaizi (HBD) n’omuhi w’obuhwezi bw’omubazi gw’amaizi (HBA) bakatabura gye omu nkora y’eutectic egi. Okucondooza okwabandize kukakorwa kureeba emitwarize erikwegamira aha bwire bw’obwire bw’okutabura HBD na HBA. Okurugirira aha bihandiiko ebiriho, omubaro gw’ebirungo bya eutectic gukakyeberwa aha bwire bw’obwire bushatu obumanyirwe oburi ahaiguru ya 50 °C, 70 °C na 100 °C, ekirikworeka ngu obutagatsi bwa eutectic nibukira kuba buri ahagati ya 50–80 °C. Ekipimo kya Mettler digital balance kikakozesibwa kupima gye ebicweka bya HBD na HBA, kandi eshaani y‘okwotsya eya Thermo Fisher ekakoresibwa kuhingisa n‘okutabura HBD na HBA aha 100 rpm omu mbeera ezirikutegyekwa.
Ebintu by’okwotsya eby’omubiri gwaitu ebikozirwe omu nkora ya deep eutectic solvent (DES), otwariiremu oburemeezi, okuteerana kw’ahaiguru, okutambura kw’ebintu, n’okutambura kw’ebintu, bikapimwa gye aha bwire bw’obutagatsi kuruga ahari 289.15 kuhika ahari 333.15 K. Nikimanyisa ngu obutagatsi obu bukatooranwa ahabw’okutaho obugarukiro bw’okubanza. Okushwijuma okuhikire kukaba kurimu okwega okuri omu bwijwire aha mitwarize etari emwe n’emwe ey’obutagatsi bw’omubazi ogu ogwa NADES, kworeka emitwarize yaabo aha bwire bw’obutagatsi obutari bumwe na bumwe. Okuta omutima aha nkora y‘obutagatsi egi ey‘omutaano nikiha okumanya aha mitwarize ya NADES ey‘omugasho munonga aha nkora nyingi.
Okuteganisibwa kw‘ahaiguru kwa NADES nk‘oku etebeekanisiibwe kukapimwa omu nkora kuruga ahari 289.15 kuhika ahari 333.15 K barikukoresa mita y‘okuteganisibwa kw‘ahaiguru (IFT700). Amatondo ga NADES nigakorwa omu kishengye ekiijwire amaizi maingi barikukoresa empiso y‘okusheeshasheesha ahansi y‘embeera z‘obutagatsi n‘okugyemeserezibwa ezitari zimwe na zimwe. Enkora z‘okuteera ebishushani ez‘omurembe nizireetaho ebipimo bya geometric ebihikire kubara okuteerana kw‘omugati gw‘amaisho orikukoresa ekibaro kya Laplace.
Ekipimo kya ATAGO refractometer kikakozesebwa kumanyisa okuhinduka kw’omushana (refractive index) kwa NADES eziherize kutebeekanisibwa aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bwa 289.15 kuhika 333.15 K. Ekikwato eki nikikozesa ekicweka ky’obutagatsi kuhindura obutagatsi kuteekateeka aha rulengo rw’okuhinduka kw’omushana, ekirikumaraho okwetenga kw’obutagatsi bw’amaizi obutarikuhinduka. Eitaka rya prism rya refractometer riine kushemezibwa kandi omubazi gw’eky’okureeberaho gushemerire kugabwa gye aha mutwe gwagwo. Calibrate n’omubazi ogumanyirwe ogw’omutindo, reero oshome omubaro gw’okureeba kuruga aha rupapura.
Obutafaari bwa NADES nk’oku bwatebeekanisiibwe bukapimwa aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bwa 289.15 kuhika 333.15 K barikukoresa Brookfield rotational viscometer (cryogenic type) aha rurengo rw’okusharaho rwa 30 rpm n’obuhango bw’empimbi bwa 6. sampo y’amaizi. Bwanyima y’okutaho sampo aha skriini ahansi y’ekipimo ky’okuteeraho kandi ekahamibwa, ekipimo ky’okupima amaizi nikyoreka obutafaari bw’omubiri omu centipoise (cP), ekirikuha amakuru g’omugasho aha mitwarize y’amaizi g’omubiri (rheological properties).
Ekikwato ky‘okupima obuhango bw‘ebintu ebirikutwarwa omu motoka DMA 35 Basic kikakoresibwa kumanyisa obuhango bw‘ebintu ebisya ebitebeekanisiibwe omu nkora y‘obutagatsi bw‘omunda (NDEES) omu nkora y‘obutagatsi bwa 289.15–333.15 K. Ahabw‘okugira ngu ekikwato tikiine ekirikuhemba ekyombekirwe omunda, kiine kubanza kyateebwaho obutagatsi obutebeekanisiibwe °C the N±AD) . mita y’oburemeezi. Teera haakiri miriyoni 2 z‘eky‘okureeberaho kurabira omu ntuumo, kandi oburemeezi nibwija kworekwa ahonaaho aha rupapura. Nikirungi kumanya ngu ahabw‘okubura ekirikuhemba ekyombekirwemu, ebyarugamu omu kupima biine enshobi ya ± 2 °C.
Okukyebera pH ya NADES ezitebeekanisiibwe busya omu bwire bw’obutagatsi bwa 289.15–333.15 K, tukakoresa pH mita ya Kenis ey’aha mutwe gw’entebe. Ahabw’okugira ngu tihaine ekyoma ky’okuhemba ekyombekirwemu, NADES ekabanza yayokyezibwa kuhika aha bwire oburikwetengyesa (±2 °C) barikukoresa ekikwato ky’okwotsya reero bwanyima yapimwa butunu n’ekipimo kya pH. Ote omu bwijwire pH meter probe omu NADES kandi ohandiike omuhendo gw‘aha muheru bwanyima y‘okushoma kuhamira kimwe.
Okushwijuma kw’obutagatsi (TGA) kukakoresibwa kukyebera okuhama kw’obutagatsi bw’ebintu by’obuhangwa ebiri omunda (NADES). Sampuli zikaba zikyeberwa omu bwire bw’okuhuumuriza. Okukozesa omubaro gw‘ahaiguru gw‘obuhikire n‘okureeberera gye omuringo gw‘okuhemba, puroguraamu y‘okufeerwa kw‘oburemeezi n‘obutagatsi ekakorwa. NADES ekaba neeyokibwa kuruga ahari 0 kuhika ahari 500 °C aha sipiidi ya 1 °C buri dakiika.
Okutandika omuringo ogu, sampo ya NADES eine kujwanzya gye, ehindurwe emwe, kandi erimu obutagatsi bw’ahaiguru obuihirweho. Eky‘okureeberaho ekitebeekanisiibwe bwanyima nikiteebwa omu cuvette ya TGA, erikukira kukorwa omu kintu ekitaine amaani nk‘ekyoma kya aluminiyamu. Kureeba ngu ebyarugamu byahikiirira, ebikwato bya TGA nibigyezesibwa barikukoresa ebikwato by‘okureeberaho, okukira munonga emitindo y‘oburemeezi. Ku barikuheza kugyezesa, okugyezesa kwa TGA nikutandika kandi sampo neeyokibwa omu muringo ogurikutegyekwa, obwire obwingi aha rurengo orutarikuhinduka. Okuguma nooreeba ngu hariho akakwate akari ahagati y‘oburemeezi bw‘eky‘okureeberaho n‘obutagatsi n‘ekicweka kikuru ky‘okugyezesa. Ebikwato bya TGA nibiteerana amakuru aha bwire bw‘obwire, oburemeezi, n‘ebindi nk‘okutambura kwa gaasi nari obutagatsi bw‘eky‘okureeberaho. Okugyezesa kwa TGA kwaheza, ebihandiiko ebishorooziibwe nibishwijumwa kubaasa kumanya empindahinduka omu buremeezi bw‘eky‘okureeberaho nk‘omuringo gw‘obutagatsi. Amakuru aga n’ag’omugasho omu kumanya emyanya y’obutagatsi erikukwatagana n’empindahinduka z’omubiri n’eby’obuhangwa omu sampo, obariiremu emiringo nk’okusheenya, okufuka, okuhindura ebiriisa, nari okuvunda.
Amaizi g’okutimba gakateebwaho n’obwegyendesereza kurugiirira aha mutindo gwa API 13B-1, kandi ebiri omu nkora yaago eby’omutaano biri omu runyiriri rwa 2 ahabw’okukoresa. Sitiriki asidi na glycerol (99 USP) bikagurwa kuruga omu kampuni ya Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia kutebeekanisa ekirungo ky’obuhangwa ekirimu ebiriisa by’omubiri (NADES). Okwongyera ahari ekyo, omubazi gw’okuzibira okusheeshasheesha ogwa butoosha (KCl) nagwo gukagurwa kuruga omu kampuni ya Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) erimu obushemeire oburikurenga 98% ekatooranwa ahabw’okugira ngu eine omugasho muhango omu kutunguura obuhangwa bw’amaizi g’okutimba n’okuzibira amaizi g’okutimba, ekyahamibwa omu kucondooza okuhwaire. KCl na ([EMIM]Cl) byombi nibiija kukoresibwa omu kugyeragyeranisa okushwijuma okukora kwa NADES omu kuzibira shale.
Abacondoozi baingi nibakunda kukoresa ebicweka bya bentonite kwega okuzimba kw’amabaare ahabw’okuba bentonite erimu ekibiina kimwe kya “montmorillonite” ekirikureetaho okuzimba kw’amabaare. Okubona sampo z’omusingi gwa shale ez’amazima nikigumira ahabw’okuba omuringo gw’okuteera shale niguteganisa shale, ekirikureetaho sampo ezitari za shale zoona kwonka omu muringo gw’omutaano zirimu okutabura kw’amabaare g’omushenyi n’amabaare g’omusheenyi. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, eshampu za shale omu muringo gw’omutaano tiziine guruupu za montmorillonite ezirikureetaho okuzimba kwa shale n’ahabw’ekyo tizihikire omu kugyezesa okuzibira okuzimba.
Omu kucondooza oku, tukakoresa obucweka bwa bentonite obugarukiremu oburaingwa bwa sentimita nka 2.54. Obujuma obu bukakorwa barikuteera giraamu 11.5 z’esaano ya sodium bentonite omu nkora y’okuteera amaizi aha 1600 psi. Obuhango bw’ebihimba bikapimwa gye bitakateirwe omu linear dilatometer (LD). Obucweka obwo bwanyima bukateebwa omu sampo z’amaizi g’okutimba, otwariiremu sampo z’omusingi n’eshampu ezaateirwemu ebizibu ebirikukoresibwa kuzibira okuzimba kw’amabaare g’omusheenyi. Empindahinduka omu buhango bw‘ebihimba bwanyima ekakyeberwa n‘obwegyendesereza barikukoresa LD, n‘ebipimo byahandiikwa omu bwire bwa sekondi 60 kumara eshaaha 24.
Okucondooza kwa X-ray kukooreka ngu ebiri omu bentonite, namunonga ekicweka kyayo ekya 47% ekya montmorillonite, n’ekintu kikuru omu kwetegyereza emitwarize yaayo ey’eitaka. Omu bicweka bya montmorillonite ebya bentonite, montmorillonite nikyo kicweka kikuru, ekirikuhika 88.6% aha bicweka byona. Omubwire obwo, quartz neekora 29%, illite neekora 7%, kandi carbonate neekora 9%. Ekicweka kikye (nk’ebicweka 3.2 ahari igana) n’omutaano gw’amabaare ga illite na montmorillonite. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, erimu ebintu ebikye nka Fe2O3 (4.7%), ebiriisa by’efeeza (1.2%), ebiriisa by’efeeza (4%), na phosphate (2.3%). Okwongyera ahari ekyo, obucweka bukye bwa Na2O (1.83%) na iron silicate (2.17%) nibubaho, ekirikubaasisa kwetegyereza omu bwijwire ebintu ebirikukora bentonite n’ebicweka byabyo.
Ekicweka eki eky’okwega ekirimu buri kimwe nikishoboorora aha mitwarize y’eby’obuhangwa n’okushwijuma eby’okureeberaho by’amaizi g’okutimba ebitebeekanisiibwe barikukoresa ekirungo ky’obuhangwa ekya deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kandi bikakoresibwa nk’ekirungo ky’okutimba amaizi g’okutimba aha bipimo bitarikushushana (1%, 3% na 5%). Eby’okureeberaho by’ebishaka ebirikwegamira ahari NADES bikagyeragyeranisibwa kandi byakyeberwa n’eby’okureeberaho by’ebishaka ebirimu ebiriisa bya potassium kloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (ekirungo kya choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) n’amaizi g’eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa bya ionic. Omubaro gw‘ebintu ebikuru bikashoboororwa omu kucondooza oku obariiremu okushoma kwa viscosity okwatungirwe barikukoresa FANN viscometer batakatandikire n‘enyima y‘okukwatwa embeera z‘okukura aha 100°C na 150°C. Ebipimo bikakorwa aha sipiidi z‘okuzirika zitari zimwe na zimwe (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm na 600 rpm) ekirikubaasisa okushwijuma okuhikire kw‘emitwarize y‘amaizi g‘okutimba. Ebihandiiko ebitungirwe nibibaasa kukoresibwa bwanyima kumanyisa ebintu ebikuru nk‘okutunga ebiriisa (YP) n‘okutambura kw‘ebiveera (PV), ebirikuha okumanya aha kukora kw‘amaizi omu mbeera zitari zimwe na zimwe. Okukyebera okushwijuma okurikukoresibwa high pressure high temperature (HPHT) aha 400 psi na 150°C (obutagatsi obumanyirwe omu biziba by‘obutagatsi bw‘ahaiguru) nibimanyisa okukora kw‘okushwijuma (obuhango bwa keeki n‘obuhango bw‘okushwijuma).
Ekicweka eki nikikozesa eby’okukoresa eby’omurembe, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), kukyebera gye emitwarize y’okuzibira okuzimba kw’amabaare g’omusheenyi omu maizi gaitu ag’okutimba. LSM n’ekyoma ky’omurembe ekirimu ebicweka bibiri: ekikwato ky’okuteera ebipande n’ekikwato ky’okupima oburaingwa bw’omubiri (eky’okureeberaho: M4600). Ebipande bya Bentonite bikatebeekanisibwa kukyeberwa barikukoresa ekikwato kya Grace Core/Empapura z’okuteerana. LSM bwanyima neeha amakuru g‘okuzimba ahonaaho aha bipande ebi, ekirikubaasisa okushwijuma okuhikire kw‘emitwarize y‘okuzibira okuzimba kwa shale. Okugyezesa okugaziha kwa shale kukakorwa omu mbeera z’omumwanya, nikwo kugira ngu, 25°C na 1 psia.
Okugyezesa okuhama kwa shale nikutwariramu okugyezibwa okukuru okurikukira kwetwa okugyezibwa kw’okugaruzaho shale, okugyezaho okuta shale nari okugyezesa okujanjaara kwa shale. Okutandika okushwijuma oku, ebicweka bya shale nibitaanisibwa aha rupapura rwa #6 BSS reero biteebwa aha rupapura rwa #10. Ebicweka ebicwekire nibiheza biheebwa omu tanka y’okukwatiraho ahu birikujwanzya n’amaizi g’omusingi n’ebishaka by’okutimba ebirimu NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Eidara erikukurataho n’okuta omutaano omu nkokooro ahabw’omuringo gw’okuguzinga ogurikwotsya munonga, kureeba ngu ebihimba n’ebishaka byatabura gye. Bwanyima y’eshaaha 16, ebihingwa ebiteirweho nibiruga omu nshaho barikureka ebihimba bya shale kuvunda, ekirikureetaho okukyendeeza aha buremeezi bw’ebihingwa ebiteirweho. Okugyezesa okugaruzaho shale kukakorwa bwanyima y’okusharaho shale kukwatwa omu itaka ry’okutimba aha 150°C na 1000 psi. inci omu shaaha 24.
Okubaasa kupima oku ebishaka bya shale byagarukiremu, tukabishwijuma kurabira omu kicupuri ekirungi munonga (40 mesh), reero twabinaaba gye n’amaizi, kandi aha muheru twabiyomesa omu nkoko. Enkora egi ey’obusaasi neetubaasisa kutebereza ebishaka ebigarukiremu kugyeragyeranisa n’oburemeezi bw’okubanza, aha muheru tukabara ebicweka 10 ahari igana eby’ebishaka bya shale ebigarukiremu gye. Oburugo bw’eby’okureeberaho by’amabaare g’omusheenyi niburuga omu disiturikiti ya Niah, disiturikiti ya Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. Okukyebera okujanjaara n’okugarukaho kutakabaireho, ebishushani bya shale bikakyeberwa gye omu muringo gwa X-ray diffraction (XRD) kubaasa kumanya obuhango bw’eibumba ryabyo n’okuhamya ngu nibibaasa kukyeberwa. Ebirungo by’eibumba ebiri omu sampo ni nk’ebi: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, kloraite 22%, vermiculite 10%, na mica 19%.
Okuteerana kw’ahaiguru n’enshonga nkuru erikwebembera okutaaha kw’ebicweka by’amaizi omu bicweka by’amaizi ebikye (shale micropores) kurabira omu kukora kw’ebicweka by’amaizi (capillary action), ebirikwija kwega omu bwijwire omu kicweka eki. Orupapura oru nirushwijuma omurimo gw’okuteerana kw’ahaiguru omu nkora y’okuteerana kw’amaizi g’okutimba, nikworeka oku kirikukora kikuru aha nkora y’okutimba, namunonga okuzibira amabaare g’okutimba. Twakozesa interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) kupima gye okuteerana kw’ahaiguru kw’eby’okureeberaho by’amaizi g’okutimba, kworeka ekicweka kikuru ky’emitwarize y’amaizi omu mbeera y’okuzibira shale.
Ekicweka eki nikigamba omu bwijwire aha nkora ya d-layer, erikuba eri ahagati y’ebicweka bya aluminosilicate n’ekicweka kimwe kya aluminosilicate omu itaka. Okweshwijuma kukakwata aha bishushani by’ebishaka ebiine amaizi ebirimu 1%, 3% na 5% CA NADES, hamwe na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl na 3% CC:urea erikwegamira ahari DES kugyeragyeranisa. Ekipimo ky’omurembe eky’okukyebera ebiri aha rubaju rw’entebe (D2 Phaser) ekirikukorera aha 40 mA na 45 kV n’okurabira omu Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54059 Å) kikakora omurimo muhango omu kuhandiika enshonga z’okukyebera eby’okureeberaho bya Na-Bt ebirimu amaizi n’ebyomire. Okukozesa ekibaro kya Bragg nikibaasisa okumanya gye omwanya oguri ahagati ya d-layer, obwo nikiha amakuru g’omugasho aha mitwarize y’eibumba.
Ekicweka eki nikikozesa ekikwato ky’omurembe ekya Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP kupima gye obushoboorozi bwa zeta. Okushwijuma oku kukaha amakuru g‘omugasho aha mitwarize y‘okushashura kw‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘ebishaka ebikye ebirimu 1%, 3%, na 5% CA NADES, hamwe na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, na 3% CC:urea-based DES ahabw‘okugyeragyeranisa. Ebirugiremu ebi nibituhwera kwetegyereza okuhama kw’ebintu ebirikwetwa colloidal compounds n’oku birikukoragana omu maizi.
Eby’okureeberaho by’eibumba bikakyeberwa bitakatandikire n’enyima y’okuteebwa omu nkora y’obuhangwa (NADES) barikukoresa ekikwato kya Zeiss Supra 55 VP eky’okukyebera ebiri omu misiri (FESEM) ekiine ekikwato ky’okujanjaaza amaani (EDX). Okushoboorora kw’ebishushani kukaba kuri 500 nm kandi amaani g’omushana gwa electron gakaba gari 30 kV na 50 kV. FESEM neeha okureeba kw’omutindo gw’ahaiguru aha nkora y’ahaiguru n’emitwarize y’eby’okureeberaho by’eibumba. Ekigyendererwa ky‘okwega oku kikaba kiri okutunga amakuru agarikukwata aha nkora ya NADES aha bishushani by‘eibumba barikugyeragyeranisa ebishushani ebyatungirwe batakatandikire n‘enyima y‘okushohoza.
Omu kucondooza oku, tekinologiya y’okukyebera ebiri omu misiri (FESEM) ekakoresibwa kucondooza aha nkora ya NADES aha bishushani by’eibumba aha rurengo rw’okucondooza. Ekigyendererwa ky’okwega oku n’okushoboorora oku NADES erikubaasa kukoresibwa n’ebirikurugamu aha nkora y’eibumba n’obuhango bw’ebicweka bya purayimare, ekirikwija kuha amakuru g’omugasho g’okucondooza omu mwanya ogu.
Omu kucondooza oku, emiti y‘enshobi ekakoresibwa kushoboorora omu kureeba okuhinduka n‘obutamanya bw‘enshobi y‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 (AMPE) omu mbeera z‘okugyezesa zoona. Omu mwanya gw‘okuhandiika emihendo ya AMPE y‘omuntu (ahabw‘okuba okuhandiika emihendo ya AMPE nikubaasa kuzibira emitwarize n‘okurenga aha mpinduka nkye), nitubara emibaro y‘enshobi turikukoresa ekiragiro kya 5%. Enkora egi neehamya ngu buri rubaju rw‘enshobi nirujwekyera obwire obu obwire bw‘okwesiga 95% na 100% y‘emihendo ya AMPE birikuteekateekwaho kugwa, obwo barikuha omubugufu kandi omu bugufu okugabwa kw‘amakuru ahari buri mbeera y‘okugyezesa. Okukozesa emirongooti y‘enshobi erikwegamira aha kiragiro kya 5% n‘ahabw‘ekyo nikitunguura okushoboorora n‘okwesigwa kw‘ebishushani ebirikworeka kandi nikihwera kuha okwetegyereza okuhikire aha byarugamu n‘ebirikubimanyisa.
Omu kucondooza kw‘ebintu by‘obuhangwa ebiri omunda (NADES), ebintu bikuru bingi bikakyeberwa n‘obwegyendesereza omu bwire bw‘okutebeekanisa omu nju. Enshonga ezi nkuru nizitwariramu obutagatsi, omubaro gwa molar, n’omuvuyo gw’okutabura. Okucondooza kwaitu nikworeka ngu HBA (citric acid) na HBD (glycerol) ku birikujwanzya omu nkora ya molar 1:4 ahari 50°C, nihabaho omutaano gw’eutectic. Ekirikutaanisaho omutaano gw’eutectic n’okureebeka kwagwo okurikureebeka gye, okurikushushana, n’okubura ebishaka. Nahabwekyo, eitembezo eri rikuru niryoreka obukuru bw‘omubaro gw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri, obutagatsi, n‘omuvuyo gw‘okutabura, omuri ebyo omubaro gw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri gukaba guri ogw‘omugasho munonga omu kutebeekanisa DES na NADES, nk‘oku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 2.
Refractive index (n) neeyoreka omubaro gw’omuvuyo gw’omushana omu mwanya ogutarimu kintu kyona n’omuvuyo gw’omushana omu mwanya gwa kabiri, ogurikukirayo obuhango. Ekipimo ky‘okureeba nikishemeza munonga aha bikwatiraine n‘ebintu by‘obuhangwa ebirikwetwa deep eutectic solvents (NADES) baaba nibateekateeka aha nkora z‘okureeba nk‘ebikwato by‘okucondooza eby‘amagara. Ekipimo ky’okukyebera ekya NADES ekyacondooziibwe ahari 25 °C kikaba kiri 1.452, ekirikushemeza n’ekikye munonga kukira ekya glycerol.
Nikirungi kumanya ngu refractive index ya NADES neekyendeera n‘obutagatsi, kandi omuze ogu nigubaasa kushoboororwa gye omu nkora (1) n‘ekishushani 3, n‘enshobi y‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 (AMPE) erikuhika ahari 0%. Emicwe egi erikwegamira aha bwire bw’obutagatsi neeshoboororwa okukyendeera kw’obutafaari n’obutafaari bw’omubiri aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bwingi, ekirikureetera omushana kuraba omu mwanya aha sipiidi mpango, ekirikureetaho omuhendo gw’okutambura (n) oguri ahansi. Ebirugiremu ebi nibituha okumanya kw‘omugasho aha nkozesa y‘enkora ya NADES omu kucondooza kw‘amaisho, kworeka obushoboorozi bwabo omu kukozesa eby‘okucondooza eby‘amagara.
Okuteerana kw’ahaiguru, okurikworeka omuze gw’ahaiguru y’amaizi kukyendeeza aha mwanya gwagwo, n’eky’omugasho munonga omu kucondooza okuhikiirira kw’ebirungo by’obuhangwa eby’omunda (NADES) eby’okukoresa ebirikwegamira aha nkora y’okuteerana kw’eshagama. Okwega aha nkora y’ahaiguru omu bwire bw’obutagatsi bwa 25–60 °C nikuha amakuru g’omugasho. Aha 25 °C, okuteerana kw’ahaiguru kwa NADES erikwegamira ahari citric acid kukaba kuri 55.42 mN/m, ekirikukye munonga kukira eky’amaizi na glycerol. Ekishushani 4 nikyoreka ngu okuteerana kw‘ahaiguru nikukyendeera munonga n‘okweyongyera kw‘obutagatsi. Eki nikibaasa kushoboororwa okweyongyera kw’amaani g’okugyendera kw’ebicweka by’omubiri n’okukyendeera kw’amaani g’okukurura ebiri ahagati y’ebicweka by’omubiri.
Omuringo gw‘okukyendeera kw‘omutindo gw‘okuteganisibwa kw‘ahaiguru ogwareebirwe omu NADES eyaacondooziibwe nigubaasa kworekwa gye omu nkora (2), erikworeka enkoragana y‘okubara ey‘omutaano omu nkora y‘obutagatsi bwa 25–60 °C. Giraafu eri omu kishushani kya kana neeyoreka gye omuze gw‘okuteerana kw‘ahaiguru n‘obutagatsi n‘enshobi y‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 (AMPE) eya 1.4%, ekirikupima obuhikire bw‘emihendo y‘okuteerana kw‘ahaiguru erikugambwaho. Ebirugiremu ebi biine ebikuru ebirikumanyisa omu kwetegyereza emitwarize ya NADES n‘oku erikubaasa kukoresibwa.
Okwetegyereza okuhinduka kw’obuhango bw’ebintu ebiri omu itaka (NADES) ni kikuru munonga omu kuhwera omu kukozesa kwabyo omu kucondooza kwa sayansi kwingi. Oburemeezi bwa NADES erikwegamira ahari citric acid ahari 25°C ni 1.361 g/cm3, ekirikukira oburemeezi bwa glycerol y’omuzaire. Entaaniso egi neebaasa kushoboororwa okwongyeraho ekirikuikiriza omukago gwa haidrojeni (citric acid) ahari glycerol.
Twatwara NADES erikwegamira ahari citrate nk’eky’okureeberaho, oburemeezi bwayo nibugaruka ahansi kuhika ahari 1.19 g/cm3 ahari 60°C. Okwongyera aha maani g’okugyendera (kinetic energy) aha kuhuumuriza nikureetera obutafaari bwa NADES kujanjaara, ekirikureetaho okutwara omwanya muhango, ekirikureetaho okukyendeera kw’oburemeezi. Okukyendeera kw’obuhango okureebirwe nikworeka akakwate kamwe aka linear n’okwongyera kw’obutagatsi, okurikubaasa kworekwa gye omu nkora (3). Ekishushani 5 nikyoreka omu nkora emitwarize egi ey‘empindahinduka y‘obuhango bwa NADES n‘enshobi y‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 (AMPE) eya 1.12%, ekirikuha ekipimo ky‘omubaro ky‘obuhikire bw‘emihendo y‘obuhango bwayo erikugambwaho.
Viscosity n’amaani agarikukurura ahagati y’ebicweka by’amaizi ebitari bimwe na bimwe ebiri omu ntambura kandi nigakora omurimo muhango omu kwetegyereza okukoresa kw’ebintu by’obuhangwa ebiri omunda (NADES) omu miringo etari emwe n’emwe. Aha 25 °C, obutafaari bwa NADES bukaba buri 951 cP, oburi ahaiguru y’obwa glycerol.
Okukyendeera okurikureebeka omu nkora y’okuteerana n’okweyongyera kw’obutagatsi nikukira kushoboororwa okukyendeera kw’amaani g’okukurura ebiri ahagati y’ebicweka by’omubiri. Eki nikirugamu okukyendeera omu nkora y‘okutambura kw‘amaizi, omuze ogurikworekwa gye omu kishushani 6 kandi ogurikubarwa omu nkora ya Equation (4). Ekikuru, ahari 60°C, okutambura nikugwa kuhika ahari 898 cP n‘enshobi y‘ebicweka 10 ahari 100 (AMPE) yoona eya 1.4%. Okwetegyereza okuhikire aha nkora ya viscosity n‘obutagatsi omu NADES n‘eky‘omugasho munonga omu kukozesa kwayo omu nkora.
pH y’omubazi, erikumanyirwa aha logarithm etari nungi y’okutaho ion ya hydrogen, n’eky’omugasho munonga, namunonga omu mirimo erikwetegyerezibwa pH nk’okukora DNA, n’ahabw’ekyo pH ya NADES eine kwega gye etakakozesiibwe. Okutwara NADES erikwegamira ahari citric acid nk’eky’okureeberaho, pH y’asidi erikureebwa gye eya 1.91 neebaasa kureebwa, erikutaana munonga na pH ya glycerol etari y’orubaju rwona.
Ekirikushemeza, pH y‘ekirungo ky‘obuhangwa ekirikusheeshasheesha (NADES) ekooreka omuhanda gw‘okukyendeera ogutari gw‘omuringo gumwe n‘okweyongyera kw‘obutagatsi. Eki nikireetwa okweyongyera kw’okutengeeta kwa molekyu okurikuteganisa omutindo gwa H+ omu nshonga, ekirikureetaho okukora kwa [H]+ ions kandi, omu kugarukamu, empindahinduka omu muheendo gwa pH. N’obu pH y’obuhangwa eya citric acid eri kuruga ahari 3 kuhika ahari 5, okubaho kwa asidi ya hydrogen omu glycerol nikwongera kukyendeeza pH kuhika ahari 1.91.
Emicwe ya pH ya citrate-based NADES omu nkora y‘obutagatsi bwa 25–60 °C neebaasa kujwekyerwa gye n‘ekibaro (5), ekirikuha okushoboorora kw‘okubara ahabw‘omutindo gwa pH ogureebirwe. Ekishushani 7 nikyoreka omu nkora enkoragana egi erikushemeza, kirikworeka oku obutagatsi burikukora aha pH ya NADES, erikugambwa kuba eri 1.4% ahari AMPE.
Okushwijuma kw’obutagatsi (TGA) kw’ekirungo ky’obuhangwa ekya citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kukakorwa omu nkora omu nkora y’obutagatsi kuruga aha butagasi bw’omu kishengye kuhika ahari 500 °C. Nkoku kirikureebeka omu bishushani 8a na b, okufeerwa kw’oburemeezi okwabandize kuhika ahari 100 °C kukaba nikukira kubaho ahabw’amaizi agaabaire ganywa n’amaizi g’okuha amaizi agarikukwatagana na citric acid na pure glycerol. Okugumaho kw’amaani okwa 88% kukareebeka kuhika ahari 180 °C, ekyabaire nikikira kubaho ahabw’okuvunda kwa citric acid kuba aconitic acid n’okukuratiraho okukora methylmaleic anhydride(III) aha kwongyera kwotsya (ekishushani 8 b). Ahaiguru ya 180 °C, okureebeka gye kwa acrolein (acrylaldehyde) omu glycerol nakwo kukaba nikubaasa kureebeka, nk’oku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 8b37.
Okushwijuma kw‘obutagatsi (TGA) okwa glycerol kukashohoza omuringo gw‘okufeerwa oburemeezi omu mitwe ebiri. Omuringo gw‘okubanza (180 kuhika 220 °C) nigutwariramu okukora acrolein, kukuratirwaho okufeerwa kw‘amaani aha bwire bw‘obwire bw‘obwire bw‘obwire kuruga ahari 230 kuhika 300 °C (ekishushani 8a). Ebiriisa byaba nibyeyongyera, ebiriisa ebirikwetwa asetaldehaidi, kaboni, methani, na haidrojeni nibibaho omu muringo ogurikukuratana. Ekikuru, 28% byonka eby’oburemeezi bikaguma aha 300 °C, ekirikumanyisa ngu emitwarize y’omunda ya NADES 8(a)38,39 neebaasa kuba eine obuzibu.
Okutunga amakuru agarikukwata aha kuhangwa kw’enkoragana ensya z’eby’obuhangwa, ebirungo ebisya ebyatebeekanisiibwe eby’obuhangwa ebiri omunda munonga (NADES) bikakyeberwa omu muringo gwa Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Okweshwijuma kukakorwa barikugyeragyeranisa ebiri omu nkora ya NADES n’ebiri omu nkora ya pure citric acid (CA) na glycerol (Gly). Eby‘okureeberaho bya CA bikooreka enshonga ezirikworeka gye ahari 1752 1/cm na 1673 1/cm, ezirikworeka okutengeeta kw‘okutambatambura kw‘omukago gwa C=O kandi nazo nizimanyisa CA. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, okuhinduka kw‘amaani omu kutengeeta kw‘okugoma kwa OH ahari 1360 1/cm kukareebeka omu kicweka ky‘enkumu, nk‘oku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 9.
Omu muringo nigwo gumwe, omu mbeera ya glycerol, okuhinduka kw‘okutengeeta kwa OH okutambatambura n‘okugoma kukashangwa aha namba z‘amaizi 3291 1/cm na 1414 1/cm, nk‘oku biri. Hati, omu kucondooza aha nkora ya NADES nk‘oku etebeekanisiibwe, okuhinduka kw‘amaani omu nkora kukashangwa. Nkoku kirikworekwa omu kishushani 7, okutengeeta kw’okutambatambura kw’omukago gwa C=O kukahinduka kuruga ahari 1752 1/cm kuza ahari 1720 1/cm kandi okutengeeta kw’okugoma kw’omukago gwa -OH gwa glycerol kukahinduka kuruga ahari 1414 1/cm kuza ahari 1359 1/cm. Okuhinduka oku omu namba z’amaizi nikworeka okuhinduka omu nkora y’amashanyarazi, ekirikworeka okutandika kw’enkoragana nsya z’eby’obuhangwa omu nkora ya NADES.