Webusayiti egi neekoresa kuki kutunguura oku orikukoresa. Wagumizamu nookozesa omukura ogu, nooba noikiriza ebiragiro byaitu ebirikukwata aha kuki.
Waba oyine enamba ya memba wa ACS, gita aha kugira ngu tubaase kukwatisa akawunti egi n'obumemba bwawe. (Tikya boona)
ACS neetwara eby’omutaano byawe nk’eby’omuhendo. Waheereza amakuru gaawe, noobaasa kutaayayira C&EN kandi ohandiike amakuru gaitu ga buri saabiiti. Nitukoresa amakuru agu orikutuha kutunguura oku orikushoma, kandi titurikwija kuguza amakuru gaawe abandi.
Omu mwaka gwa 2005, kampuni y'ebintu by'okukoresa eya Colgate-Palmolive ekaruga omu bizinesi y'okwozya emyenda omu bukiizi-bwa-bumosho bwa Amerika obwo erikuguza ebintu nka Fab na Dynamo ahari Phoenix Brands. Bwanyima y’emyaka eshatu, ekindi kitongore kihango eky’ebintu by’okukoresa omu bantu, Unilever, kikaguza omubaro gwakyo gw’ebintu by’okushemeza eby’omu America ebirimu All na Wisk to Sun Products.
Okuguza bizinesi yaayo kampuni ibiri nkye ez'abantu buntu, kireeteire akatare ka P&G ak'omurembe omu US eby'okwozya emyenda haihi kataine orikuhakanisa. Ekirikushemeza, Procter & Gamble tibararangirire obusinguzi.
Buzima, omu mwaka gwa 2014, Alan G. Lafley, owaabaire ari omukuru w’ekitongore kya Procter & Gamble (P&G) omu bwire obwo, akeefuuza ahabw’okuruga omu kampuni ya Unilever. Yagira ngu ekasinga akatare ka rwagati ak'akatare k'eby'okushemeza, ekyareetera ebintu bya P&G kukirayo kuta omu katare k'eby'okurya by'ahaiguru, obwo barikuha ebintu by'omuhendo gw'ahansi n'abarikuhakanisa bashatu. Procter & Gamble n'omushuubuzi w'ebintu ebirikumanywa munonga nka Tide na Gain. Nikikora haihi 60% ahari bizinesi y'okwozya emyenda omuri America, kwonka egi ni bizinesi egumire, kandi hariho omugaati muhango gw'emihendo ahagati y'ebintu bya kampuni egi n'abarikugihakanisa.
Bwanyima y’omwaka gumwe, emwe aha kampuni ezirikugihakanisa, kampuni ya Bugirimaani eya Henkel, ekahindura ebintu. Kampuni egi ekatandikaho omubazi gwayo gw'okushemeza ogw'omutindo gw'ahaiguru ogwa Buraaya ogwa Persil omuri America, gukabanza gwaguzibwa kurabira omu Wal-Mart yonka, bwanyima gwaguzibwa omu maduuka nka Target. Omu mwaka gwa 2016, Henkel akagaruka yashoberwa ebintu obu yagura ebintu bya Sun.
Okutongoza Persil kugarukiremu amaani omu bizinesi y’okwozya emyenda, kwonka nikibaasa kurahuka kukira oku Lafley yaabaire naateekateeka. Omu kwezi kwa kataano okuhwaire, magaziini ya “Consumer Report” ku yaagambire aha kimwe aha bintu bisya bya Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, ekirungo ky’okushemeza ekirikukirayo kukora gye omuri America, we n’abandi bakuru ba P&G baine kushoberwa. Omukoro gw’okuteebwaho omugabe gukareetera Tide kuza omu mwanya gwa kabiri omurundi gw’okubanza omu myaka.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) ekagaruka yakora ekirungo kyayo eky’okubanza eky’eiziina rihango ekya Tide Ultra Stain Release omu mwaka gwa 2016. Kampuni egi ekagira ngu ekayongyeraho ebirungo ebirikukora aha itaka kandi yaihaho amaizi agamwe, ekyarugiremu ekirungo ekirimu ebiriisa bingi kandi ekirimu ebiriisa bingi ekirikubaasa kutunguura okuihaho amabara. Magaziini egyo ekagira ngu ekintu ekyo kikaba kiri aha mutwe gw’orunyiriri omu kucondooza okwakuratsireho okwa Consumer Reports, n’obu kiraabe kitari kikuru omu by’embariirira.
Ripoota z’abaguzi ziherize kuhandiika ekirungo ky’okusheeshasheesha ekiriisa kya Tide Plus Ultra hamwe na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 nk’ebintu bibiri ebirungi munonga eby’okwozya emyenda omu ihanga rya Amerika. C&EN neija kukyebera ebirungo ebirikureetaho embeera egi, hamwe n’oku birikukoresibwa n’ababikozire.
Ripoota z’abaguzi ziherize kuhandiika ekirungo ky’okusheeshasheesha ekiriisa kya Tide Plus Ultra hamwe na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 nk’ebintu bibiri ebirungi munonga eby’okwozya emyenda omu ihanga rya Amerika. C&EN neija kukyebera ebirungo ebirikureetaho embeera egi, hamwe n’oku birikukoresibwa n’ababikozire.
Nikiba kiri kare munonga kugamba yaaba Henkel naija kuhakanisa munonga P&G aha bashuubuzi ba America abarikugura eby'okwozya eby'omurembe. Kwonka abakozi ba P&G abarikukora emibazi ku barahurire baine eki barikukora ahabw'okubura okurwanagana, buzima nibaija kwihwaho.
Shoaib Arif, orikukurira eby’okukozesa n’eby’obuhangwa omu kampuni ya Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, yashoboorora ngu omuri America, Tide na Persil n’ebintu by’omutindo gw’ahaiguru ahabw’eby’obushuubuzi kandi nibibaasa kubaganisibwamu emiringo ena y’okukora. Emyaka ehingwire, Arif n’abandi banyasayansi ba Pilot bahwereire amakampuni maingi g’ebintu by’omu nju kukora ebintu bisya by’okushemeza n’ebindi eby’okuboneza.
Omu katare k’ebintu by’ahansi, n’ekintu ky’okushemeza eky’omuhendo munonga. Okurugirira ahari Arif, nikibaasa kuba kirimu ekirungo ky’obuguzi bukye kyonka, nk’ekirungo kya linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) hamwe n’ebirungo n’erangi. Omuringo ogurikukurataho gw‘ekintu nigubaasa kwongyeraho ebirungo by‘okuhwera nari eby‘okwombeka, nka sodium citrate, tackifier n‘ekirungo kya kabiri.
LABS n’ekintu ekirikwetwa anionic surfactant, ekirungi omu kwihaho obucweka oburikuruga omu myenda kandi nikikora gye aha ruhu rwa pamba. Ekirungo kya kabiri ekirikukoresibwa munonga n’ekirungo kya ethanol ethoxylate, ekirungo ekitari kya ioni, ekirikukorera gye kukira LABS, namunonga omu kwihaho amajuta n’obukooko kuruga omu nshaho z’obuhangwa.
Omu rubaju rwa kashatu, abakozi b’ebirungo nibabaasa kwongyeraho ebirungo by’amaisho aha muheendo mukyeho kakye. Ebintu ebi ebirikumurikira amaisho nibitwara omushana gwa ultraviolet kandi bigurekura omu mwanya ogurimu bururu kugira ngu emyenda ereebekye gye. Ebintu ebirungi ebirikukora aha itaka, ebirikukora chelating agents, ebindi ebyombeko n’ebirikurwanisa okugaruka kusheenya nibikira kushangwa omu nkora nk’ezo, ebirikubaasa kukwaata obukooko kuruga omu maizi g’okwozya kubuzibira kugaruka kusheenya aha ruhu.
Ebirungo by’okushemeza ebirikukirayo omuhendo nibimanyirwa aha kujwara ebiriisa bingi aha itaka n’ebindi birungo by’emiringo etari emwe n’emwe, nk’ebiriisa by’omwengye, ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, sabuuni z’ebishaju n’ebiriisa bya cations. Ebirungo by’okukwaata eitaka eby’omutaano (ebimwe ebitebeekanisiibwe amakampuni nka Procter & Gamble na Henkel) n’enzigye nabyo nibigwa omu kicweka eki.
Kwonka Arif narabura ngu okuteerana ebirungo nikureetaho oburemeezi bwakyo. Okuhika aha rurengo rumwe, okukora eby’okushemeza n’ebya sayansi, kandi abanyabwengye omu by’emibazi nibamanya omutindo gw’ebicweka by’eby’emibazi, nk’emirimo y’ahaiguru y’ebintu ebirikukora aha itaka.
Akashoboorora ati: “Kwonka, enkora egyo ku eraabe yaaheza kukorwa, ebintu ebi byona nibiija kukwatagana, kandi torikubaasa kuteebereza gye eki enkora y’aha muheru eraakore.” “Okyaine kugyezibwa kureeba ngu nikikora omu magara gaabuzima.”
Nk’eky’okureeberaho, ebirikukora aha itaka n’ebyombeko nibibaasa kuzibira emirimo y’enzigye, Arif nikwo arikugira. Abarikukora eby‘okushemeza nibabaasa kukoresa ebirungo ebirikuhamya enzyme (nka sodium borate na calcium formate) kushoboorora ekizibu eki.
Franco Pala, omucondoozi mukuru omu purojekiti ya Battelle eya World Detergent Project, ayorekire ngu ebiriisa bingi ebirikushangwa omu miringo y’eby’okushemeza eby’omuhendo nabyo nibibaasa kureetera oburemeezi. Pala akashoboorora ati: “Tikyorobi kwongyeraho ebirungo bingi munonga ebiri aha itaka omu bwingi nk’obwo.” Okushohoza nikuhinduka ekizibu, kandi enkoragana mbi ahagati y’ebintu ebirikukora aha itaka nayo neehinduka ekizibu.
Entebekanisa ya Battelle ey‘abakaikuru/abagurusi baingi eyebembeirwe Pala ekatandika omu kutandika kw‘emyaka ya 1990 barikushwijuma ebiri omu miringo y‘ebintu ebikuru eby‘okuboneza omu nsi yoona. Battelle nakoresa ebikwato bya sayansi bingi kuhwera bakama b’ebintu n’abarikubireeta ebintu ebikuru kurenga aha runyiriri rw’ebirungo kwetegyereza, eky’okureeberaho, omutindo gw’okuhindura ethoxylation y’ebintu ebirikukora aha itaka nari yaaba omugongo gw’ebintu ebirikukora aha itaka guri omu murongooti nari gurimu amataagi.
Para agizire ngu erizooba, polymers n’enshonga nkuru y’okukora ebintu bisya omu birungo by’okushemeza. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, ebintu bya Tide na Persil byombi birimu ekirungo kya polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ekirikunywa obukooko ekyakozirwe BASF ahabwa Procter & Gamble, kwonka hati nikikira kutunga abakozi b’ebintu by’okusiiga.
Pala ayorekire ngu terephthalic acid copolymers nazo nizishangwa omu bimwe aha bishaju by’omutindo gw’ahaiguru, ebirikwija kushweka ekijwaro omu bwire bw’okwozya, kikanguha kwihaho amabara n’obukooko omu bwire bw’okwozya oburikukuratiraho. Battelle nakoresa ebikwato nka gel permeation chromatography kutaanisa ebiriisa ebiri omu itaka (polymers) reero bwanyima akoresa okukyebera ebiri omu itaka (infrared spectroscopy) kubaasa kumanya oku birikukora.
Entebekanisa ya Battelle nayo neeta omutima munonga aha nshonga z’enzigye, eziri ebintu bya biotech ebi abakozi barikugumizamu kutunguura buri mwaka. Okubaasa kukyebera emirimo y’enzigye egi, ekibiina kya Pala kikata enzyme egi aha kintu ekirimu chromophore. Enzyme ku erikusheenya ekicweka ky’omubiri, chromophore neerekurwa kandi epimwa omu kunywanisa nari omu kukyebera ebiri omu itaka.
Proteases ezirikutaahirira puroteyini nizo enzymes ezabandize kwongyerwa omu bishaju by’okushemeza omu myaka ya 1960 erikuhendera. Enzymes ezaabaire ziyongyeirwe bwanyima omu nshaho zikaba zirimu amylase, erikusheenya entangahuuzi, na mannanase, erikusheenya ebirungo ebirikukora guar gum. Ebyokurya ebirimu guar (nka ice cream na barbecue sauce) byasheesheka aha bijwaro, ebihimba nibiija kuguma aha bijwaro n’obu waakuba waaheza kwozya. Nikitaaha omu ruhu kandi nikikoresibwa nka glue aha itaka ry’obujuma, ekirikureetaho amabara agagumire kwihaho.
Ebirungo byombi ebya Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 hamwe na Tide Ultra Stain Release birimu ebiriisa by’omubiri, amylase na mannanane.
Persil nayo erimu lipase (erikubaasa kuvunda ebishaju) na cellulase (erikubaasa kushemezibwa omu muringo ogutarikuhikaana n’amaizi orikuhindura amaizi agamwe aga glycosidic bonds omu ruhu rwa pamba) kwihaho obukooko obukwatsire aha ruhu. Cellulase nayo neebaasa kworobya pamba n’okutunguura erangi yaayo. Omu bwire nibwo bumwe, kurugiirira aha bihandiiko bya patent, ekintu ky’omutaano ekiri omu kirungo ky’amaizi g’omu nyanja ni glucanase, ekirikubaasa kusheenya polysaccharides ezi amylase etarikubaasa kusheenya.
Novozymes na DuPont zikaba nizikora munonga enzymes, kwonka BASF eherize kutaaha omu bizinesi egi omu muringo gwa proteases. Omu ruteerane rw’ebintu by’okuboneza orwabaireho omuri Germany omu bwire bw’okugwa obuhweire, BASF ekatunguura okuteerana kw’ekiriisa kyayo ekisya ekya protease na polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, barikugira ngu okutabura oku nikuha okukora okurungi ahari ba kasitoma abarikwenda kuhangaho eby’okunaaba eby’okwozya omu bwire bw’obutiti bukye.
Nangwa, Arif n’abandi abarikureeba akatare nibagira ngu okwikiriza abakozi b’eby’okushemeza kukora ebirungo ebirikwetengyesa amaani makye nari okurinda eby’obuhangwa kuruga omu bintu by’obuhangwa nikyo kirikukurataho omu by’obushuubuzi. Omu kwezi kwa kataano omwaka oguhwaire, P&G ekatandikaho Tide Purclean, omuringo gw’ekika kyayo ekikuru, omu birungo 65% birikuruga omu bimera. Reero omu kwezi kwa ikumi, Unilever ekagura kampuni ya Seventh Generation, erikukora eby’okushemeza ebimera n’ebindi eby’okushemeza, kugaruka kutaaha omu katare k’eby’okushemeza omuri America.
N’obu okuhindura ebirungo ebirungi munonga kuba eby’okushemeza ebirikusinga ebiconco butoosha kiraabe kiri ekizibu, “omuze oguriho hati n’ogw’obuhangwa,” Arif nikwo arikugira. “Abaguzi nibabuuza ngu, ‘Nitukora tuta ebintu ebirikuruga omu buhangwa ebitarikushiisha abantu n’eby’obuhangwa, kwonka bikaguma nibikora gye?”