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Okutambura kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri nikubaasa kureetera enshobi omu kutaho ebishushani bya X-ray omu bwire bw‘okujanjaba. Nahabwekyo, ebintu ebiine eby‘obuhangwa by‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho ebirikwingana n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri nibyetengyesa kutooreza okutambura kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ahabw‘okutunguura obujanjabi bw‘eby‘amagara. Kwonka okukora ebintu nk’ebyo nikiguma kiri ekizibu. Alginate hydrogels ziine emitwarize erikushushana n’ey’omubiri gw’aheeru y’obutafaari, ekirikuzireetera kuraganisa nk’ebintu ebirikwingana n’enyama. Omu kucondooza oku, ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel ebiine emitwarize y‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho ebirikwetengyesa bikakorwaho ahabw‘okurekura Ca2+ omu mwanya. Omubaro gw’omuyaga n’omubaro gukakyeberwa gye kubaasa kutunga ebicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine emitwarize y’ebyoma n’eby’okureeberaho ebishobooroirwe. Macro- na micromorphology y’ebintu bikamanyisibwa, kandi emitwarize y’ebicupuri bya hydrogel ahansi y’okunyigirizibwa ekakyeberwa. Ebintu bya radiyo bikateberezibwa omu nteekateeka kandi byahamibwa omu kugyezesa barikukoresa kompyuta. Okucondooza oku nikuha omushana aha kutunguuka kw‘omumaisho kw‘ebintu ebirikwingana n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ebirikubaasa kukoresibwa omu kutunguura omubaro gw‘okujanjaba n‘okurinda omutindo omu bwire bw‘okujanjaba.
Obujanjabi bw‘okukoresa emishana n‘omubazi ogurikukirayo kujanjaba endwara ya kansa1. Okutambura kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri nikukira kureetera enshobi omu kutaho ebishushani bya X omu bwire bw‘okujanjaba n‘okujanjaba2, ekirikubaasa kurugamu okutajanjaba gye ekizimba n‘okutaho munonga obutafaari oburikwehinguririza obw‘amagara obutarikwetengyesa. Obushoboorozi bw‘okuteebereza okutambura kw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ni kikuru munonga omu kukyendeeza enshobi z‘okutaho ebizimba omu mwanya. Okucondooza oku kukaba kutaire omutima aha bihaha, ahabw’okuba nibihinduka munonga kandi nibitambura abarwaire baaba nibahuumura omu bwire bw’okujanjaba n’okukoresa emishana. Eby’okureeberaho by’ebintu ebiine obugarukiro bitari bimwe na bimwe bikozirwe kandi byakoresibwa kugyeragyeranisa okutambura kw’amahaha g’omuntu3,4,5. Kwonka, ebicweka by‘omubiri n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri by‘omuntu biine ebicweka by‘omubiri ebigumire kandi nibirugiirira munonga aha murwaire. Nahabwekyo, ebintu ebiine emitwarize erikwingana n‘ebicweka by‘omubiri nibikora munonga omu kuhanga eby‘okureeberaho by‘omubiri kuhamya eby‘okureeberaho by‘ebiteekateeko, kwongyera aha kujanjaba kw‘obushaho okutunguukire, n‘ahabw‘ebigyendererwa by‘okwegyesa eby‘obushaho.
Okukora ebintu ebirikutooreza enyama z‘omubiri ezigumire kubaasa kuhikiiriza ebishushani by‘omubiri ebigumire eby‘aheeru n‘omunda bireetaire abantu baingi kuteekateeka ahabw‘okuba obutaikirizana bwabyo obw‘obuhangwa nibubaasa kureetera okuremwa omu kukozesa ebigyendererwa6,7. Okukora eky’okureeberaho ky’eby’amagara ebigumire eby’ebicweka by’amahaha, ebirikugaita obugonda bwingi, okutambura, n’okugira obucupa bw’omubiri, nikireetaho oburemeezi bw’amaani omu kuhanga eby’okureeberaho ebirikugaruza gye amahaha g’omuntu. Okuteerana n‘okuhikaanisa eby‘obuhangwa by‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho ni bikuru munonga omu kukora gye eby‘okureeberaho by‘amahaha omu kuhaajaana. Okukora eby’okwongyeramu kworekwa kuba kurungi omu kuhangaho eby’okureeberaho by’omurwaire, ekirikubaasisa kukora eby’okureeberaho by’ahonaaho eby’emiringo egumire. Shin n’abandi. 8 bakakora ekishushani ky’amahaha ekirikubaasa kugaruka kuzaarwa, ekirikubaasa kuhinduka kandi ekiine emihanda y’omuyaga ehandiikirwe omu 3D. Haselaar n’abandi. 9 bakakora phantom erikushushana munonga n‘abarwaire abaabuzima ahabw‘okushwijuma omutindo gw‘ebishushani n‘emiringo y‘okuhamya omwanya ahabw‘okujanjaba kwa radiyo. Hong et al10 bakakora omuringo gwa CT omu kifuba barikukoresa tekinologiya ya 3D printing na silicone casting kugaruka kureetaho amaani ga CT g‘ebizimba by‘amahaha ebitari bimwe na bimwe kukyebera obuhikire bw‘okupima. Kwonka, ebishushani ebi nibikira kukorwa omu bintu ebiine emitwarize mirungi erikutaana munonga n‘ey‘ebicweka by‘amahaha11.
Obwahati, ebishushani by‘amahaha ebingi nibikorwa omu silikoni nari polyurethane foam, ebitarikuhikaana n‘emitwarize y‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘amahaha g‘amazima.12,13 Alginate hydrogels nizikwatagana n‘ebintu ebiine amagara kandi zikoresiibwe munonga omu by‘obuhangwa bw‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ahabw‘emitwarize yaabyo ey‘ebyoma erikubaasa kuhindurwa. phantom erikweshushaniriza gye n’oku omubiri gw’amahaha gurikuguma niguhinduka n’okwijuza, neeguma eri ekizibu ky’okugyezesa.
Omu kucondooza oku, kikateberezibwa ngu enyama y‘amahaha n‘ekintu ekirikushushana (homogeneous elastic material material). Oburemeezi bw‘ebicweka by‘amahaha g‘omuntu (\(\:\rho\:\)) nibugambirwa kuba 1.06 g/cm3, kandi oburemeezi bw‘amahaha agarimu obuhuta ni 0.26 g/cm315. Emihendo mingi y‘ebicweka by‘amahaha bya Young‘s modulus (MY) etungirwe barikukoresa emiringo y‘okugyezesa etari emwe n‘emwe. Lai-Fook n’abandi. 16 bakapima YM y‘amahaha g‘omuntu n‘okutunguuka okurikushushana kuba 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss n’abandi. 17 bakakozesa okukyebera okurikukoresibwa amashanyarazi kandi baagamba aha YM ya 2.17 kPa. Liu n’abandi. 18 bakagamba aha YM eyapimirwe butoosha eya 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi n’abandi. 19 bakateekateeka ngu YM eri 0.1–2.7 kPa kurugiirira aha 4D CT data eyatungirwe kuruga omu barwaire abatoorainwe.
Aha mitwarize y‘okukyebera ey‘amahaha, ebipimo bitari bimwe na bimwe nibikoresibwa kushoboorora emitwarize y‘okukoragana kw‘ebicweka by‘amahaha n‘ebishushani bya X-rays, obariiremu ebicweka by‘omubiri, oburemeezi bw‘ebiriisa (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), omubaro gw‘amaani g‘atomu ogurikukora gye (\(\:{Z}_{eff\ci}\)), me omubaro gw‘okukyendeeza (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) n‘ekicweka kya Hounsfield (HU), ekiine akakwate butunu na \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Oburemeezi bwa elekitironi \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) nibushoboororwa nk’omubaro gwa elekitironi ahari buri yuniiti y’obuhango kandi nibubarwa omu muringo ogu:
aha \(\:\rho\:\) ni oburemeezi bw’ebintu omu g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) ni Avogadro etarikuhinduka, \(\:{w}_{i}\) ni ekicweka ky’oburemeezi, \(\:){Z}_{i}\) ni omubaro gw’atomu, kandi we\} the\} ni omubaro gw’atomu, kandi we\} ekintu kya i-th.
Namba ya atomu neekwatagana butunu n’omuringo gw’okukoragana kw’emishana omu kintu. Aha bikwatiraine n’ebirungo n’ebirungo ebirimu ebintu bingi (nk’ebijwaro), omubaro gw’atomu ogurikukora gye \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) guteekwa kubarwa. Enkora egi ekateebwaho Murthy na bagyenzi be. 20:
Amaani g‘okusiimura agagati \(\:I\) nigashoboorora oku ekintu ekigyendereirwe kirikwanguha kunywa amaani g‘okugyendera g‘ebicweka ebirikutaahamu. Nikishoboorora aha mitwarize y’ekintu ekigyendereirwe kyonka kandi tikiine kakwate n’emitwarize y’ebicweka. \(\:I\) nikibaasa kubarwa orikukoresa ekiragiro kya Bragg eky’okugaita:
Omubaro gw’okukyendeeza oburemeezi \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) nigushoboorora okutaaha n’okurekura kw’amaani kw’ebishushani omu kintu ekigyendereirwe. Nikibaasa kubarwa orikukoresa enkora egi:
Aha \(\:x\) n’obuhango bw’ekintu, \(\:{I}_{0}\) n’amaani g’omushana ogurikubaho, kandi \(\:I\) n’amaani g’ekitangaaza bwanyima y’okutaaha omu kintu. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) amakuru nigabaasa kutunga butunu kuruga omu nkora ya NIST 12621 ey‘okureeberaho. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) emihendo y’ebirungo n’ebirungo neebaasa kutunga orikukoresa ekiragiro ky’okugaita nk’oku kiri ahaifo:
HU n‘ekicweka ky‘okupima ekitaine bugarukiro ekiine omutindo gw‘okupima obuhango bwa radiyo omu kushoboorora amakuru g‘okukyebera (CT), ekirikuhindurwa omu nkora kuruga aha kipimo ky‘okukyendeeza amaani ekipimirwe \(\:\mu\:\). Kirashobororwaho nka:
aho \(\:{\mu\:}_{amaizi}\) n’omubaro gw’okukyendeeza amaani g’amaizi, kandi \(\:{\mu\:}_{omuyaga}\) n’omubaro gw’okukyendeeza amaani g’omuyaga. Nahabwekyo, kuruga omu nkora (6) nitureeba ngu omuhendo gwa HU gw’amaizi ni 0, kandi omuhendo gwa HU gw’omuyaga ni -1000. Omuhendo gwa HU ogw‘amahaha g‘omuntu niguruga ahari -600 kuhika ahari -70022.
Ebintu bingi ebirikushushana n’emisi bikozirwe. Griffith n’abandi. 23 bakakora omuringo gw‘okugyeragyeranisa n‘enyama z‘omubiri gw‘omuntu ogwakozirwe omu polyurethane (PU) ogu bayongyeireho ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe eby‘ekiriisa kya calcium carbonate (CaCO3) kugyeragyeranisa ebicweka by‘omubiri by‘omuntu ebitari bimwe na bimwe obariiremu n‘amahaha g‘omuntu, kandi omuringo ogwo gukaheebwa eiziina rya Griffith. Taylor24 akahayo omuringo gwa kabiri ogw’okugyeragyeranisa n’ebicweka by’omubiri eby’amahaha ogwakozirwe ekitongore ky’okucondooza ekya Lawrence Livermore (LLNL), ekirikwetwa LLLL1. Traub et al.25 bakakora omubazi musya gw‘okuhindura enyama y‘amahaha barikukoresa Foamex XRS-272 erimu 5.25% CaCO3 nk‘omubazi gw‘okutunguura okukora, ogwaheebwa eiziina ALT2. Ebipande 1 na 2 nibyoreka okugyeragyeranisa kwa \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) n‘ebicweka by‘okukyendeeza oburemeezi bw‘amahaha g‘omuntu (ICRU-44) n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ebiri aharuguru.
N’obu haraabe hariho emitwarize mirungi munonga ey’okucondooza aha radiyo erikuhikirizibwa, haihi ebintu byona ebya phantom nibikorwa omu polystyrene foam, ekirikumanyisa ngu emitwarize y’ebyoma ey’ebintu ebi terikubaasa kuhika aha y’amahaha g’omuntu. Omubaro gwa Young (YM) gw‘ekicupuri kya polyurethane ni nka 500 kPa, ekiri hare n‘okuhikiirira waagyeragyeranisa n‘amahaha g‘omuntu agaabutoosha (nka 5-10 kPa). Nahabwekyo, nikyetengyesa kukora ekintu kisya ekirikubaasa kuhikiiriza emitwarize y’ebyoma n’eby’okureeberaho eby’amahaha g’omuntu agaabuzima.
Hydrogels nizikoresibwa munonga omu kuhanga enyama. Enkora yaayo n’ebintu byayo nibishushana n’eby’omubiri ebiri aheeru y’obutafaari (ECM) kandi nibibaasa kuhindurwa juba. Omu kucondooza oku, pure sodium alginate ekatooranwa nk’ekintu ky’amagara eky’okutebeekanisa ebicupuri. Alginate hydrogels nizikwatagana n’ebintu ebiine amagara kandi nizikoresibwa munonga omu by’obuhangwa ahabw’okugira ngu nizibaasa kuhindurwa. Ebintu ebiri omu sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n n’okugira Ca2+ nibireetera emitwarize yaayo ey’okukyebera kuhindurwa nk’oku kirikwetengyesa. Okuteerana oku kw’ebintu ebirikuhindurwa eby’ebyoma n’eby’okureeberaho nibireetera alginate hydrogels kuba nungi omu kwega kwaitu. N‘amazima, alginate hydrogels nazo ziine obugarukiro, namunonga omu kureeba okugumaho kumara obwire buraingwa omu bwire bw‘okugyeragyeranisa okuhuuta. Nahabwekyo, okweyongyera kw‘okutunguuka nikwetengyesa kandi nikuteekateekwaho omu kucondooza okurikwija kushoboorora oburemeezi obu.
Omu murimo ogu, tukakora ekintu kya alginate hydrogel foam ekiine emihendo ya rho erikubaasa kutegyekwa, okutambura, n’ebintu by’okukyebera ebirikushushana n’eby’omubiri gw’amahaha g’omuntu. Okwega oku nikwija kuha omuhanda gw‘okushoboorora enshonga zoona ogw‘okukora ebishushani ebiri nk‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ebiine emitwarize y‘okuhindura (tunable elastic) n‘eby‘okureeberaho (radiological). Ebintu by’ebintu nibibaasa kuhindurwa omu muringo gworobi kuhikaana n’enyama n’ebicweka by’omubiri byona eby’omuntu.
Omubaro gw‘omuyaga ogugyendereirwe n‘omubaro gw‘amaizi g‘omubiri (hydrogel foam) gukabarwa kurugiirira aha HU range y‘amahaha g‘omuntu (-600 kuhika -700). Kikateberezibwa ngu foomu ekaba eri omutaano gworobi ogw’omuyaga n’ekintu ekikozirwe omu itaka ekya alginate hydrogel. Okukozesa ekiragiro kyorobi eky’okwongeraho ebintu by’omuntu omwe \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), ekicweka ky’obuhango bw’omuyaga n’omubaro gw’obuhango bw’amaizi g’omubiri agakozirwe alginate bikabaasa kubarwa.
Ebicupuri by’amaizi g’omubiri bikatebeekanisibwa barikukoresa amaizi g’omubiri (Ekicweka No. W201502), CaCO3 (Ekicweka No. 795445, MW: 100.09), na GDL (Ekicweka No. G4750, MW: 178.14) ebyaguzirwe kuruga omu kampuni ya Sigma-Aldrich, MO, St. 70% y’eby’okurya ebirimu ebiriisa by’omubiri (SLES 70) bikagurwa kuruga omu kitongore ky’eby’obushuubuzi ekya Renowned Trading LLC. Amaizi agarimu deionized gakakoresibwa omu kutebeekanisa foomu. Sodium alginate ekashohozibwa omu maizi agatarimu ioni aha bwire bw’obutagatsi bw’omu kishengye n’okuguma neegiteera (600 rpm) kuhitsya obu yaatunga omubazi gw’okukyebera ogurikushushana ogwa kyenju. CaCO3 omu kugaita na GDL ekakoresibwa nk’entandikwa ya Ca2+ kutandikaho okuteerana (gelation). SLES 70 ekakozesibwa nk’ekintu ekirikukora aha itaka kubaasa kuhangaho omubiri gw’ebicupuri omunda y’ekirungo ky’amaizi. Ekicweka kya alginate kikaguma kiri ahari 5% kandi omubaro gwa Ca2+:-COOH molar gukaguma ahari 0.18. Omubaro gwa CaCO3:GDL molar nagwo gukaguma guri ahari 0.5 omu bwire bw’okutebeekanisa foomu kubaasa kuguma pH etaine rubaju. Omuhendo ni 26. 2% aha bwingi bwa SLES 70 gukongyerwa aha sampo zoona. Ekikopo ekiine ekifundikizo kikaba kikoresibwa okutegyeka okutabura kw’omubazi n’omuyaga. Omubaro gwona ogw’ekikopo gukaba guri miriyoni 140. Okurugirira aha byarugamu omu kubara kw’ebiteekateeko, obucweka bw’omutaano bw’omutaano (miriyoni 50, miriyoni 100, miriyoni 110) bukateebwa omu kikopo ky’okutabura n’omuyaga. Sampuli erimu miriyoni 50 z’omutaano ekakorwa kujwanzya n’omuyaga ogurikumara, obwo omubaro gw’omubaro gw’omuyaga omu sampuli ezindi ibiri gurikutegyekwa. Okubanza, SLES 70 ekateebwa omu nkora ya alginate kandi yaateerwa n’ekikwato ky’amashanyarazi kuhitsya obu yaatabura kimwe. Bwanyima, ekirungo kya CaCO3 kikateebwa omu ntaburo kandi kyaguma nikivugwa kuhitsya obu entaburo yaatabura kimwe, obu erangi yaayo yaahinduka erikwera. Eky’aha muheru, omubazi gwa GDL gukateebwa omu ntabure kutandikaho okuteerana (gelation), kandi okuteerana kw’ebyoma kukagumaho omu nkora yoona. Aha sampo erimu miriyoni 50 z’omutaano, okuteerana kw’ebyoma kukarekyererwa obu obuhango bw’omutaano bwarekyera aho kuhinduka. Aha sampo ezirimu miriyoni 100 na miriyoni 110 z’omutaano, okuteerana kw’ebyoma kukarekyererwa obu omutaano gwaijura ekikopo. Kandi tukagyezaho kutebeekanisa ebicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine omubaro oguri ahagati ya miriyoni 50 na miriyoni 100. Kwonka, obutagumizamu bw‘omutindo gw‘ekicupuri bukareebeka, nk‘oku kyabaire nikihindukahinduka ahagati y‘embeera y‘okutabura empeho yoona n‘embeera y‘okutegyeka omubaro gw‘omuyaga, ekyarugiremu okutegyeka omubaro gw‘omuyaga okutarikushushana. Obutagumizamu obu bukareetaho obutateberezibwa omu kubara, n‘ahabw‘ekyo orurengo rw‘eiraka oru tiruteirwe omu kucondooza oku.
Oburemeezi \(\:\rho\:\) bw’ekicupuri ky’amaizi nibubarwa orikupima oburemeezi \(\:m\) n’obuhango \(\:V\) bw’eky’okureeberaho ky’ekicupuri ky’amaizi.
Ebishushani by’amaisho eby’ebicupuri by’amaizi bikatunga barikukoresa kamera ya Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Sofutiweya ya ImageJ ekakoresibwa kubara omubaro n‘obuhango bw‘okugabwa kw‘ebizimba omu sampo omu mwanya gumwe kurugiirira aha bishushani ebyatungirwe. Enkora y’ebizimba neeteekateekwaho kuba eri ey’okwetoorora.
Okwega aha mitwarize y’ebyoma by’ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel, okucondooza kw’okunyigirizibwa kw’omutindo gumwe kukakorwa barikukoresa ekyoma kya TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Sampuli zikasharaho omu bipande by’enkokora kandi ebipimo bya bipande bikapimwa kubara oburemeezi n’okuremeera. Omuvuyo gw’omusharaba gukateebwa ahari 10 mm/min. Sampuli ishatu zikakyeberwa ahari buri sampo kandi omubaro gw‘ahagati n‘ogw‘omutindo gukabarwa kuruga omu byarugamu. Okucondooza oku kutaire omutima aha mitwarize y‘ebyoma by‘okunyiganyiga eby‘ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel ahabw‘okuba enyama y‘amahaha neetunga amaani g‘okunyiganyiga aha rurengo rumwe rw‘omuringo gw‘okuhuuta. Okutunguuka buzima ni kikuru munonga, namunonga kworeka emitwarize y‘amaani yoona ey‘ebicweka by‘amahaha kandi eki nikiija kucondoozibwa omu kucondooza okurikwija.
Sampuli z‘ekicupuri ky‘amaizi ezatebeekanisiibwe zikakyeberwa aha kikwato kya Siemens SOMATOM Drive eky‘emiringo ebiri ekya CT. Ebipimo by‘okukyebera bikateebwaho nk‘oku: 40 mAs, 120 kVp n‘obuhango bw‘ekicweka kya mm 1. Fayiro za DICOM ezaarugiremu zikakyeberwa barikukoresa puroguraamu ya MicroDicom DICOM Viewer kushwijuma emihendo ya HU y‘ebicweka 5 eby‘okusharaho ebya buri sampo. Emihendo ya HU eyatungirwe CT ekagyeragyeranisibwa n‘okubara kw‘ebiteekateeko kurugiirira aha makuru g‘obuhango bw‘eby‘okureeberaho.
Ekigyendererwa ky’okwega oku n’okuhindura omu kuhanga eby’okureeberaho by’ebicweka by’omubiri n’ebicweka by’omubiri ebikozirwe abantu barikukoresa ebintu ebigumire. Okukora ebintu ebiine eby‘obuhangwa by‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho ebirikuhikaana n‘ebyoma by‘okukora eby‘amahaha g‘omuntu ni kikuru omu kukozesa okugyendereirwe nk‘okutunguura okutendekwa kw‘eby‘obushaho, okutebekanisa okushemezibwa, n‘okutebekanisa okujanjaba kw‘eby‘okureeberaho. Omu kishushani 1A, tukateeraho okutaikirizana ahagati y‘emitwarize y‘ebyoma n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘ebintu ebigumire ebirikuteekateekwaho kukoresibwa kuhanga eby‘okureeberaho by‘amahaha g‘omuntu. Okuhitsya hati, ebintu bikozirwe ebirikworeka emitwarize ya radiyo erikwetengyesa, kwonka emitwarize yaabyo ey’ebyoma terikuhikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa. Polyurethane foam na rubber nizo zirikukirayo kukoresibwa omu kuhanga ebishushani by’amahaha g’abantu ebirikubaasa kuhinduka. Ebintu by‘ebyoma eby‘ekicupuri kya polyurethane (Young‘s modulus, YM) omu muringo gw‘omutaano nibikira eby‘omubiri gw‘amahaha g‘omuntu ogwa butoosha emirundi 10 kuhika 100. Ebintu ebirikworeka emitwarize y’ebyoma n’eby’okureeberaho ebirikwetengyesa tibikamanyirwe.
(A) Okujwekyera kw‘ekishushani kw‘emitwarize y‘ebintu bitari bimwe na bimwe ebigumire n‘okugyeragyeranisa n‘amahaha g‘omuntu omu kureeba oburemeezi, Young‘s modulus n‘emitwarize y‘okukyebera (omu HU). (B) Omuringo gw’okutambura kw’ebishushani bya X-ray eby’amaizi g’omubiri ebirimu 5% n’omubaro gwa Ca2+:-COOH ogwa 0.18. (C) Omubaro gw’ebicweka by’omubaro gw’omuyaga omu bicupuri bya hydrogel. (D) Okujwekyera kw‘ekishushani kw‘ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga ogutarikushushana.
Ebicweka by’ebintu ebiri omu maizi g’amaizi g’omubiri ebiine omubaro gwa 5% n’omubaro gwa Ca2+:-COOH ogwa 0.18 bikabarwa, kandi ebyarugamu nibyorekwa omu kishushani 3. Kurugiirira aha kiragiro ky’okwongyeraho omu nkora eyabandize (5), omubaro gw’okukyendeeza amaani g’amaizi g’omubiri nk’oku kirikworekwa omu kishushani is\: mu 1B.
Emihendo ya \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ey‘omuyaga n‘amaizi ekatunga butunu kuruga omu nkora y‘okucondooza ey‘omutindo gwa NIST 12612. Nahabwekyo, ekishushani 1C nikyoreka emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga ebariirwe omu bicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine emihendo erikwingana na HU eri ahagati ya -600 na -700 ahabw‘amahaha g‘omuntu. Omubaro gw’omubaro gw’omuyaga ogurikubarwa omu nteekateeka niguguma omu 60–70% omu nkora y’amaani kuruga ahari 1 × 10−3 kuhika ahari 2 × 101 MeV, ekirikworeka obushoboorozi burungi bw’okukoresa ekicupuri ky’amaizi omu nkora z’okukora ebintu ebiri ahansi y’omugyera.
Ekishushani 1D nikyoreka eky‘okureeberaho ky‘ekicupuri ky‘amaizi g‘omubiri ekya alginate hydrogel ekitebeekanisiibwe. Sampuli zoona zikatemwa omu bicupuri ebiine oburaingwa bw’omukono gwa mm 12.7. Ebirugiremu byorekire ngu ekicupuri ky’amaizi ekirikushushana, ekigumire omu miringo eshatu kikakorwa. Hatariho kugyendera aha nkora y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga, tihaine ntaaniso mpango omu kureeba kw‘ebicupuri by‘amaizi ebyareebekire. Okwebaisaho kw’ekicupuri ky’amaizi nikumanyisa ngu omutimbagano ogurikukorwa omunda y’ekicupuri gw’amaizi niguba guri ogw’amaani kubaasa kushagika oburemeezi bw’ekicupuri kyonyini. Oyihireho okusheeshasheesha kw‘amaizi makye kuruga omu foomu, foomu nayo ekooreka okugumaho kw‘akaire kakye kumara wiiki nyingi.
Omu kupima oburemeezi n’obuhango bw’eky’okureeberaho ky’ekicupuri, oburemeezi bw’ekicupuri ky’amaizi ekitebeekanisiibwe \(\:\rho\:\) bukabarwa, kandi ebyarugamu nibyorekwa omu kipande kya 4. Ebyarugamu nibyoreka oku \(\:\rho\:\) erikwegamira aha nkora y’obuhango bw’omuyaga. Empeho erikumara ku erikuba etaburiirwe na miriyoni 50 z’eky’okureeberaho, oburemeezi nibuba buri ahansi munonga kandi buri 0.482 g/cm3. Omuhendo gw’omuyaga ogutaine rubaju ku gurikukyendeera, oburemeezi nibweyongyera kuhika ahari 0.685 g/cm3. Omuhendo gwa p ogurikukirayo ahagati y‘ebicweka bya miriyoni 50, miriyoni 100 na miriyoni 110 gukaba guri 0.004 < 0.05, ekirikworeka obukuru bw‘embariirira y‘ebyarugamu.
Omuhendo gw‘ebiteekateeko \(\:\rho\:\) nagwo nigubarwa barikukoresa omubaro gw‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga ogurikutegyekwa. Ebirugire omu kupima nibyoreka ngu \(\:\rho\:\) ni 0.1 g/cm3 nkye kukira omuhendo gw‘ebiteekateeko. Entaaniso egi neebaasa kushoboororwa ahabw‘okuteganisibwa kw‘omunda okurikureetwaho omu hydrogel omu bwire bw‘okukora gelation, ekirikureetaho okuzimba kandi obwo nikireetaho okukyendeera kwa \(\:\rho\:\). Eki kikagaruka kyahamibwa ahabw‘okureeba ebicweka ebimwe ebiri omunda y‘ekicupuri ky‘amaizi omu bishushani bya CT ebirikworekwa omu kishushani 2 (A, B na C).
Ebishushani by’okukyebera eby’amaisho eby’ebicupuri by’amaizi ebiine ebiriisa by’omuyaga ebitarikushushana (A) 50, (B) 100, na (C) 110. Enamba z’obutafaari n’okugabwa kw’obuhango bw’ebicupuri omu bicupuri by’amaizi g’omuyaga (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Ekishushani 3 (A, B, C) nikyoreka ebishushani bya optical microscope eby‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘ekicupuri ky‘amaizi ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etari emwe n‘emwe. Ebirugiremu nibyoreka omutindo gw’amaisho g’ekicupuri kya hydrogel, nibyoreka gye ebishushani by’ebiina ebiine oburaingwa butarikushushana. Okugabwa kw‘omubaro gw‘ebizimba n‘oburaingwa bwabyo kukabarwa barikukoresa ImageJ. Ebishushani mukaaga bikatwarwa ahari buri sampo, buri kishushani kikaba kiine obuhango bwa 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, kandi omwanya gwona ogwashwijumirwe ahari buri sampo gukaba guri 5.7 mm2.
(A) Emicwe y‘okugyemeserezibwa-okugyemeserezibwa kw‘ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etarikushushana. (B) Okuhikaana kw’eby’okureeberaho. (C) Okunyiganyiga E0 kw‘ebicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etari emwe n‘emwe. (D) Okugyemeserezibwa kw‘aha muheru n‘okugyemeserezibwa kw‘ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etari emwe n‘emwe.
Ekishushani 3 (D, E, F) nikyoreka ngu okugabwa kw‘obuhango bw‘ebizimba nikushushana, kuruga ahari maikoromita makumi kuhika ahari maikoromita nka 500. Obuhango bw’ebizimba omu kubanza nibushushana, kandi nibukyendeera kakye nk’oku omuyaga gurikukyendeera. Okurugirira aha bihandiiko by’okukyebera, obuhango bw’ebizimba ebiri ahagati y’eky’okureeberaho kya miriyoni 50 ni 192.16 μm, ahagati ni 184.51 μm, kandi omubaro gw’ebizimba ahari buri yuniiti y’omwanya ni 103; obuhango bw‘ebizimba bya sampo ya miriyoni 100 ni 156.62 μm, obuhango bw‘ahagati ni 151.07 μm, kandi omubaro gw‘ebizimba buri yuniiti y‘omwanya ni 109; emihendo erikuhikaana n‘eky‘okureeberaho kya miriyoni 110 ni 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm na 115, nk‘oku biri. Ebihandiiko nibyoreka ngu obuhuta obuhango bwine eki burikukora aha byarugamu omu mibaro y‘obuhango bw‘obuhuta bwagati, kandi obuhango bw‘obuhuta bwagati nibubaasa kworeka gye empindahinduka y‘obuhango bw‘obuhuta. Omubaro gw‘eky‘okureeberaho ku gurikweyongyera kuruga ahari miriyoni 50 kuhika ahari miriyoni 110, omubaro gw‘ebizimba nagwo nigweyongyera. Okugaita ebyarugamu omu mibaro y‘oburaingwa bw‘ebizimba bya median n‘omubaro gw‘ebizimba, nikibaasa kushoboororwa ngu n‘okweyongyera kw‘omubaro, ebizimba bingi eby‘obuhango bukye nibihangwa omunda y‘eky‘okureeberaho.
Ebihandiiko by‘okukyebera eby‘ebyoma nibyorekwa omu bishushani 4A na 4D. Ekishushani 4A nikyoreka emitwarize y‘okugyemeserezibwa-okugyemeserezibwa kw‘ebicupuri by‘amaizi ebitebeekanisiibwe ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etari emwe n‘emwe. Ebirugiremu nibyoreka ngu eshampu zoona ziine emitwarize y‘okuteganisibwa-okuteganisibwa etari y‘omutindo erikushushana. Aha buri sampo, okushoberwa nikweyongyera juba n‘okushoberwa kurikweyongyera. Omuringo gw‘okugyezesa gukateebwa aha mitwarize y‘okugyemeserezibwa-okugyemeserezibwa kw‘ekicupuri ky‘amaizi. Ekishushani 4B nikyoreka ebyarugamu bwanyima y‘okukoresa omuringo gw‘okureeberaho nk‘eky‘okureeberaho ky‘okugyeragyeranisa aha foomu y‘amaizi.
Aha bicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine emihendo y’omuyaga etari emwe n’emwe, omubaro gwabyo gw’okunyiganyiga (E0) nagwo gukakyeberwa. Okushushana n’okushwijuma kw’ebicweka by’amaizi, omubaro gwa Young ogw’okunyiganyiga gukacondoozibwa omu nkora ya 20% y’okutandika kw’okugyemeserezibwa. Ebirugire omu kucondooza kwa compression nibyorekwa omu kishushani 4C. Ebirugire omu kishushani 4C nibyoreka ngu omubaro gw‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga ku gurikukyendeera kuruga aha sampo 50 kuhika aha sampo 110, omubaro gw‘okunyiganyiga Young‘s modulus E0 gw‘ekicupuri kya alginate hydrogel nigweyongyera kuruga ahari 10.86 kPa kuhika ahari 18 kPa.
Omu muringo nigwo gumwe, ebicweka by‘okugyemeserezibwa-okugyemeserezibwa ebihikire eby‘ebicupuri by‘amaizi, hamwe n‘okugyemeserezibwa kw‘okugyemeserezibwa n‘okugyemeserezibwa kw‘aha muheru, bikatunga. Ekishushani 4D nikyoreka okugyemeserezibwa kw‘aha muheru n‘okugyemeserezibwa kw‘ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel. Buri nshonga y‘okucondooza n‘omubaro gw‘ebirugire omu kukyebera bishatu. Ebirugiremu nibyoreka ngu oburemeezi bw‘okunyiganyiga obw‘aha muheru nibweyongyera kuruga ahari 9.84 kPa kuhika ahari 17.58 kPa n‘okukyendeera kw‘ebiri omu gaasi. Omubaro gw’aha muheru niguguma guhamire ahari nka 38%.
Ekishushani 2 (A, B, na C) nikyoreka ebishushani bya CT eby‘ebicupuri bya hydrogel ebiine emihendo y‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga etari emwe n‘emwe erikuhikaana n‘eby‘okureeberaho 50, 100, na 110, nk‘oku biri. Ebishushani nibyoreka ngu ekicupuri kya hydrogel ekihangirwe kiri haihi kushushana. Omubaro mukye gw’ebiina gukareebeka omu sampo 100 na 110. Okubaho kw’ebiina ebi nikubaasa kuba nikureetwaho okushoberwa kw’omunda okurikureetwaho omu hydrogel omu bwire bw’okukora gelation. Twabara emihendo ya HU ahabw‘ebicweka 5 by‘okusharaho ebya buri sampo kandi twabihandiika omu kipande kya 5 hamwe n‘ebirugire omu kubara kw‘ebiteekateeko ebirikuhikaana.
Ekipande kya kataano nikyoreka ngu eshampu eziine emihendo y‘omuyaga etarikushushana zikatunga emihendo ya HU etarikushushana. Omuhendo gwa p ogurikukirayo ahagati y‘ebicweka bya miriyoni 50, miriyoni 100 na miriyoni 110 gukaba guri 0.004 < 0.05, ekirikworeka obukuru bw‘embariirira y‘ebyarugamu. Omuri sampo ishatu ezakyeberwa, sampo erimu omutaano gwa miriyoni 50 ekaba eine emitwarize y’okukyebera eri haihi n’ey’amahaha g’omuntu. Enyuguta y‘aha muheru y‘ekipande kya 5 n‘ekirugiremu ekitungirwe omu kubara kw‘ebiteekateeko kurugiirira aha muheendo gw‘ekicupuri ogwapimirwe \(\:\rho\:\). Okugyeragyeranisa ebihandiiko ebipimirwe n‘ebyarugamu omu kucondooza, nikibaasa kushangwa ngu emihendo ya HU eyatungirwe omu kucondooza kwa CT okutwarira hamwe eri haihi n‘ebirugire omu kucondooza, ekirikuhamya ebyarugamu omu kubara omubaro gw‘omuyaga omu kishushani 1C.
Ekigyendererwa kikuru ky’okwega oku n’okukora ekintu ekiine eby’obuhangwa n’eby’okureeberaho ebirikugyeragyeranisibwa n’eby’amahaha g’omuntu. Ekigyendererwa eki kikahikirizibwa ahabw’okukora ekintu ekirikukoresibwa hydrogel ekiine emitwarize y’ebyoma n’eby’okureeberaho ebirikwingana n’ebicweka by’omubiri ebitebeekanisiibwe gye kandi ebiri haihi n’eby’amahaha g’omuntu nk’oku kirikubaasika. Okwebemberwa okubara kw’ebiteekateeko, ebicupuri by’amaizi ebiine emihendo y’omuyaga etari emwe n’emwe bikatebeekanisibwa barikujwanzya omu muringo gw’ebyoma omubazi gwa sodium alginate, CaCO3, GDL na SLES 70. Okushwijuma enkora y’ebicupuri by’omubiri kukooreka ngu ekicupuri ky’amaizi ekigumire eky’ebicweka bishatu ekirikushushana kikakorwa. Omu kuhindura omubaro gw’omuyaga, oburemeezi n’obutafaari bw’ekicupuri nibibaasa kuhinduka nk’oku orikwenda. Omubaro gw‘omuyaga gwaba nigweyongyera, obuhango bw‘ebizimba nibukyendeera kakye kandi n‘omubaro gw‘ebizimba nigweyongyera. Okukyebera okunyigirizibwa kukakorwa kucondooza aha mitwarize y’ebyoma by’ebicupuri bya alginate hydrogel. Ebirugiremu byorekire ngu compressive modulus (E0) eyatungirwe kuruga omu kukyebera okunyiganyiga eri omu nkora ehikire ey‘amahaha g‘omuntu. E0 neeyongyera nk‘oku omubaro gw‘omuyaga gurikukyendeera. Emihendo y‘ebintu bya radiyo (HU) eby‘eby‘okureeberaho ebyatebeekanisiibwe ekatunga kurugiirira aha makuru ga CT g‘eby‘okureeberaho kandi byagyeragyeranisibwa n‘ebyarugire omu kubara kw‘ebiteekateeko. Ebirugiremu bikaba biri birungi. Omuhendo ogupimirwe nagwo guri haihi n‘omuhendo gwa HU gw‘amahaha g‘omuntu. Ebirugire omu kucondooza oku nibyoreka ngu nikibaasika kuhangaho ebicupuri by’amaizi ebirikweshushaniriza n’ebicweka by’omubiri ebiine omugaati murungi gw’ebintu by’ebyoma n’eby’obuhangwa ebirikutooreza emitwarize y’amahaha g’omuntu.
N‘obu ebyarugamu biraabe nibiraganisa, emiringo y‘okukora eriho hati neeyetenga kubonezibwa kubaasa kutegyeka gye omubaro gw‘omubaro gw‘omuyaga n‘obutafaari bw‘omubiri kuhikaana n‘okuteebereza kuruga omu kubara kw‘ebiteekateeko n‘amahaha g‘omuntu agaabuzima aha rurengo rw‘ensi yoona n‘orw‘omu kicweka. Okwega okuriho hati nakwo nikugarukira aha kugyezaho emiringo y‘okunyiganyiga, ekirikukyendeeza aha kubaasa kw‘okukoresa kwa phantom aha nkora y‘okunyiganyiga ey‘omuringo gw‘okuhuuta. Okucondooza okw‘omumaisho nikwija kugasirwa omu kucondooza aha kugyezibwa kw‘okuteerana hamwe n‘okuhama kw‘ebyoma kwona kw‘ebintu kukyebera oku birikubaasa kukoresibwa ahansi y‘embeera z‘okuremeera kw‘amaani. N’obu haraabe hariho oburemeezi obu, okucondooza oku nikworeka okugyezaho kw’okubanza okusingire okugaita ebiri omu radiyo n’eby’ebyoma omu kintu kimwe ekirikutooreza amahaha g’omuntu.
Ebihandiiko ebyakozirwe n‘/nari ebyashwijumirwe omu kucondooza okuriho hati nibibaasa kutunga kuruga aha muhandiiki orikubikwataho waashaba omu muringo oguhikire. Okugyezesa n’ebihandiiko byombi nibibaasa kugaruka kukorwa.
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