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Melamine n‘ekintu ekimanyirwe nk‘ekirikushiisha eby‘okurya ekirikubaasa kuba kiri omu miringo y‘eby‘okurya emwe omu butanwa n‘omu kigyendererwa. Ekigyendererwa ky’okwega oku kikaba kiri okuhamya okushanga n’okupima obuhango bwa melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana n’omu nshaho y’amate. Ebyokurya 40 ebirikushangwa omu katare, otwariremu eby’okurya by’abaana n’amate g’obutunguru, kuruga omu bicweka bya Iran ebitari bimwe na bimwe bikakyeberwa. Ekicweka kya melamine ekirikugyeragyeranisibwa n’ekiri omu bishushani kikamanyirwa aha kukoresa enkora y’okukyebera amaizi g’omubiri (HPLC-UV) ey’amaani. Omubaro gw‘okupima (R2 = 0.9925) gukozirwe ahabw‘okucondooza aha nkora ya melamine omu nkora ya 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Empimbi z‘okupima n‘okukyebera zikaba ziri 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, nk‘oku biri. Melamine ekakyeberwa omu by’okurya by’abaana n’omu nshaho y’amate kandi ebyarugamu bikooreka ngu ebiriisa bya melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana n’omu nshaho z’amate bikaba biri 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 na 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, nk’oku biri. Emitwarize egi neehikaana n’ebiragiro bya EU hamwe n’ebiragiro bya Codex Alimentarius. Ni kikuru kumanya ngu okurya ebihimba ebi eby‘amate ebiine ebiriisa bya melamine ebikye tikurikureetaho akabi k‘amaani aha magara g‘abarikubinywa. Eki nakyo nikishagikwa ebyarugamu omu kucondooza aha kabi.
Melamine n’ekirungo ky’ebihangwa ekiine omubaro gw’ebicweka bya C3H6N6, ekirikuruga omu cyanamide. Eine obushoboorozi bukye munonga omu maizi kandi erimu nitrogen erikwingana 66%. Melamine n’ekirungo ekirikukoresibwa munonga omu makorero ekiine emiringo mingi y’okukoresa omu mateeka omu kukora obuveera, ebigimusa, n’ebintu by’okukora eby’okurya (obariiremu eby’okupakira eby’okurya n’eby’okukoresa omu kiyungu)1,2. Melamine nayo neekoresibwa nk’ekintu ekirikutwara omubazi gw’okujanjaba endwara. Omubaro muhango gwa nitrogen omu melamine nigubaasa kureetera okukoresa kubi ekirungo eki n’okuha emitwarize y’ebicweka bya puroteyini omu birungo by’eby’okurya3,4. Nahabwekyo, okwongyera melamine omu by’okurya, otwariiremu n’ebirikuruga omu mate, nikiyongyera aha nitrogen. N’ahabw’ekyo, kikateekateekwaho omu nshobe ngu puroteyini eziri omu mate zikaba ziri nyingi kukira oku ziri.
Buri giraamu ya melamine eyongyeirwemu, puroteyini eri omu by’okurya neija kweyongyera n’ebicweka 0.4%. Kwonka melamine neebaasa kusheesheka munonga omu maizi kandi neebaasa kureetaho obuzibu bw’amaani. Okwongyera 1.3 grams za melamine aha bintu ebiri omu maizi nk’amate nikibaasa kwongyera aha puroteyini y’amate n’ebicweka 30%5,6. N‘obu melamine eraabe neeyongyerwa omu by‘okurya by‘ebinyonyi nangwa n‘abantu kwongyera aha puroteyini7, akakiiko ka Codex Alimentarius (CAC) n‘abakuru b‘eihanga tibakaikiriize melamine nk‘ekintu ekirikugambwaho omu by‘okurya kandi bagihandiikire nk‘eky‘akabi waamira, waahuuta, nari waanywa kurabira omu ruhu. Omu mwaka gwa 2012, ekitongore ky‘ensi yoona eky‘eby‘amagara (WHO) eky‘okucondooza aha ndwara ya kansa kikahandiika melamine nk‘ekirungo kya kansa eky‘omutindo gwa 2B ahabw‘okuba nikibaasa kuba eky‘akabi aha magara g‘abantu8. Obwire buraingwa bw‘okukoresa melamine nikibaasa kureetera ekookoro nari okushiisha ensigo2. Melamine omu by‘okurya neebaasa kujwanzya na cyanuric acid kuhangaho ebishushani bya kyenju ebitarikubaasa kusheesheka omu maizi ebirikubaasa kureetera okushiisha enyama z‘ensigo n‘ez‘omu nkari, hamwe na kansa y‘omu nkari n‘okukyendeeza aha buremeezi9,10. Nikibaasa kureetera obutwa bw‘eby‘okurya bw‘amaani kandi, omu bwingi, okufa, namunonga omu baana abato n‘abato.11 Ekitongore ky‘eby‘amagara eky‘ensi yoona (WHO) nakyo kikataho omubaro gw‘okugumisiriza (TDI) gw‘okurya ebiriisa bya melamine buri izooba aha 0.2 mg/kg y‘oburemeezi bw‘omubiri buri izooba) kurugiirira aha buhabuzi bwa CAC na US Foxiod ( US Foxiod omubaro gw‘ebisigarira bya melamine ahari 1 mg/kg omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato na 2.5 mg/kg omu by‘okurya ebindi.2,7 Omu Kwamwenda 2008, kikagambwa ngu abakozi b‘eby‘okurya by‘abaana abato baingi omu maka bakaba bongyeire melamine omu nshaho y‘amate kwongyera aha puroteyini eziri omu bintu byabo, ekyarugiremu okutaho obutwa bw‘amate n‘obutwa bw‘enshaho omu nshaho. akarwaza abaana abarikurenga 294,000 kandi yaata abarwaire abarikurenga 50,000 omu irwariro. 13
Okuyonsa tikurikubaasika obwire bwona ahabw‘enshonga zitari zimwe na zimwe nk‘oburemeezi bw‘amagara g‘omu tauni, okurwara kwa nyina omwana nari omwana, ekirikureetaho okukoresa amate g‘abaana kuriisa abaana abato. Ekirugiremu, amakorero gatandikirweho kukora amate g’abaana agarikuhikaana n’amabeere omu nkora14. Amate g'abaana agarikuguzibwa omu katare nigakira kukorwa omu mate g'ente kandi nigakira kukorwa n'omutaano gw'ebishaju, puroteyini, ebiriisa by'omubiri, ebiriisa by'omubiri, ebiriisa by'omubiri n'ebindi. Okubaasa kuba haihi n’amate g’amabeere, puroteyini n’ebishaju ebiri omu nkora y’okunywa nibihinduka, kandi kurugiirira aha kika ky’amate, nibihamibwa n’ebintu nka vitamini n’ebiriisa nk’ekyoma15. Ahabw‘okugira ngu abaana abato n‘ekibiina ky‘okukwatwaho kandi hariho akabi k‘okutunga obutwa, oburinzi bw‘okunywa amate g‘obutunguru n‘eky‘omugasho munonga aha magara. Bwanyima y’omushango gw’okutunga obutwa bwa melamine omu baana abato aba China, amahanga omu nsi yoona gakata omutima munonga aha nshonga egi, kandi n’okuhurira kw’ekicweka eki nakwo kweyongyeire. Nahabwekyo, nikikuru munonga kuhamya okutegyeka okukora eby’okurya by’abaana abato kubaasa kurinda amagara g’abaana abato. Hariho emiringo etari emwe n’emwe ey’okumanyisa melamine omu by’okurya, harimu okukyebera amaizi g’omubiri (HPLC), okukyebera amashanyarazi, omuringo gw’okuhurira, okukyebera ebiri omu mubiri n’okukyebera okurikukwatagana n’enzigye z’omubiri16. Omu mwaka gwa 2007, ekitongore ky’eby’okurya n’emibazi omuri America (FDA) kikakora kandi kyashohoza omuringo gwa HPLC ogw’okumanyisa ebiriisa bya melamine na cyanuric acid omu by’okurya, ogu nigwo muringo ogurikukirayo kukora gye ogw’okumanya ebiriisa bya melamine17.
Ebicweka bya melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato ebyapimirwe barikukoresa omuringo musya gw‘okukyebera ebiri omu mubiri bikaba biri ahagati ya mirigiramu 0.33 kuhika ahari 0.96 ahari kiro (mg kg-1). 18 Okucondooza okwakozirwe omuri Sri Lanka kukashanga ngu ebiriisa bya melamine omu nshaho y’amate goona nibiruga ahari 0.39 kuhika ahari 0.84 mg kg-1. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, eshampu z‘amaizi g‘abaana abato ezirugire aheeru zikaba zirimu ebiriisa bya melamine ebirikukirayo, ahari 0.96 na 0.94 mg/kg, buri kimwe. Emiringo egi eri ahansi y‘ekipimo ky‘okutegyeka (1 mg/kg), kwonka puroguraamu y‘okureeberera neeyetengyesa ahabw‘obukuumi bw‘abakaikuru/abagurusi. 19
Okucondooza kwingi kukyebeire emihendo ya melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana abato omuri Iran. Ebicweka nka 65% eby’eby’okureeberaho bikaba birimu ekirungo kya melamine, n’omubaro gwa 0.73 mg/kg kandi ekirikukirayo 3.63 mg/kg. Okucondooza okundi kukagira ngu omubaro gwa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato gukaba guri ahagati ya 0.35 na 3.40 μg/kg, n‘omubaro gwa 1.38 μg/kg. Okutwarira hamwe, okubaho n‘omutindo gwa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato omuri Iran bikakyeberwa omu kucondooza okutarikushushana, n‘eby‘okureeberaho ebimwe ebirimu melamine ebirikukira aha kipimo ekikuru ekiteirweho abakuru abarikutegyeka (2.5 mg/kg/feed).
Okuteekateeka aha kukozesa kwingi kw’amate g’obutunguru omu by’okurya n’obukuru bw’omutaano obw’amate g’abaana omu kuriisa abaana, okucondooza oku kukaba kugyendereire kuhamya omuringo gw’okucondooza melamine omu nshaho y’amate n’omu by’okurya by’abaana. Omu mazima, ekigyendererwa ky‘okubanza eky‘okwega oku kikaba kiri okukora omuringo gw‘okupima ogw‘ahonaaho, ogwanguhi kandi oguhikire ogw‘okumanyisa okutabura kwa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato n‘omu nshaho y‘amate barikukoresa okucondooza kw‘amaizi g‘omubiri (HPLC) n‘okucondooza kw‘omubiri (UV); Ekyakabiri, ekigyendererwa ky’okwega oku kikaba kiri okumanyisa ebiriisa bya melamine ebiri omu by’okurya by’abaana abato n’omu nshaho y’amate ebirikuguzibwa omu katare ka Iran.
Ebikwato ebirikukoresibwa omu kucondooza aha melamine nibitaana kurugiirira ahu eby’okurya birikukorwa. Omuringo gw‘okushwijuma ogwa HPLC-UV ogurikwetegyerezibwa kandi ogurikwesigwa gukakoresibwa kupima ebisigarira bya melamine omu mate n‘omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato. Ebintu ebirikuruga omu mate birimu puroteyini n‘ebishaju bitari bimwe na bimwe ebirikubaasa kuteganisa okupima kwa melamine. Nahabwekyo, nkoku kyagambirwe Sun na bagyenzi be. 22, enkora y‘okuboneza ehikire kandi erikukora gye neeyetengyesa hatakabaireho okweshwijuma kw‘ebikwato. Omu kucondooza oku, tukakoresa ebishwijumwa by’empiso ebirikukoresibwa omurundi gumwe. Omu kucondooza oku, tukakoresa enyomyo ya C18 kutaanisa melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana n’esaano y’amate. Ekishushani 1 nikyoreka ekishushani ky‘okucondooza aha melamine. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, okugarukaho kw‘eby‘okureeberaho ebirimu 0.1–1.2 mg/kg ya melamine kukaba kuri kuruga ahari 95% kuhika ahari 109%, ekibaro ky‘okugaruka enyima kikaba kiri y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), kandi okutaana kw‘omutindo gw‘okugyeragyeranisa (RSD) kukaruga ahari 2 kuhika ahari 0 %. Ebihandiiko ebiriho nibyoreka ngu omuringo nigwesigwa omu nkora y‘okuta omutima aha kucondooza (Ekipande 1). Ekikomo ky‘okukyebera (LOD) n‘ekikomo ky‘okupima (LOQ) kya melamine kikaba kiri 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, nk‘oku biri. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, omushana gwa UV ogwa melamine gukooreka ekicweka ky’okunywanisa aha 242 nm. Omuringo gw’okucondooza nigukora gye, nigwesigwa kandi niguhikiirira. Omuringo ogu nigubaasa kukoresibwa omu kumanyisa obutoosha omutindo gwa melamine.
Ebirugiremu nk’ebyo bikahandiikwa abahandiiki batari bamwe na bamwe. Omuringo gw’okukyebera amaizi g’omubiri (HPLC) gukakorwa ahabw’okukyebera ebiriisa bya melamine omu bintu ebirikuruga omu mate. Empiiha z‘ahansi z‘okupima zikaba ziri 340 μg kg−1 ahabw‘amate g‘obutunguru na 280 μg kg−1 ahabw‘eby‘okurya by‘abaana abato ahari 240 nm. Filazzi n’abandi. (2012) bakagira ngu melamine terikushangwa omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato ahabw‘okukoresa HPLC. Kwonka 8% aha bishushani by’amate g’obutunguru bikaba birimu melamine aha rurengo rwa 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet na bagyenzi be.23 bakakora okucondooza nk‘okwo kandi baashanga ngu ebiriisa bya melamine ebiri omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato (omubaro gw‘eky‘okureeberaho: 72) barikukoresa okucondooza kw‘amaizi g‘omubiri (HPLC-MS/MS) kuba biri nka 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1. Omu kucondooza okwakozirwe Venkatasamy na bagyenzi be. (2010), enkora ya green kemistry (etarimu asetonitrile) n‘okugaruka enyima kw‘omuringo gw‘okukyebera amaizi g‘omubiri (RP-HPLC) bikakoresibwa kuteekateeka aha melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato n‘amate. Omubaro gw‘okuta omutima aha sampo gukaba guri kuruga ahari 1.0 kuhika ahari 80 g/mL kandi okugarukamu kukaba kuri okwa linear (r > 0.999). Enkora ekooreka okugaruka omu buteeka kwa 97.2–101.2 aha rulengo rw‘okuta omutima aha 5–40 g/mL kandi okugarukaho kukaba kuri ahansi ya 1.0% y‘okutaana kw‘omutindo gw‘okugyeragyeranisa. Ekindi, LOD na LOQ ezaareebekire zikaba ziri 0.1 g mL−1 na 0.2 g mL−124, buri kimwe. Lutter n’abandi. (2011) bakamanya obukooko bwa melamine omu mate g’ente n’omu mate g’abaana abato barikukoresa HPLC-UV. Ebicweka bya melamine bikaba biri kuruga ahari < 0.2 kuhika ahari 2.52 mg kg−1. Omubaro gw‘okuhinduka kw‘omutindo gw‘omuringo gwa HPLC-UV gukaba guri 0.05 kuhika 2.5 mg kg−1 ahabw‘amate g‘ente, 0.13 kuhika 6.25 mg kg−1 ahabw‘amate g‘abaana abato n‘ekicweka ky‘oburemeezi bwa puroteyini kya <15%, na 0.25 kuhika 12.5 mg kg−1 ahabw‘ekicweka kya puroteyini y‘abaana abato. Ebirugire omu LOD (na LOQ) bikaba biri 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) ahabw‘amate g‘ente, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) ahabw‘okunywa kw‘abaana abato <15% puroteyini, na 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−ise tihaine puroteyini omu nkora ya puroteyini-1) 3 na 1025 ahabwa LOD na LOQ, nk’oku biri. Diebes n’abandi. (2012) bakacondooza aha rurengo rwa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘amate g‘obutunguru barikukoresa HPLC/DMD. Omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato, ebiri ahansi n‘ebiri ahaiguru bikaba biri 9.49 mg kg−1 na 258 mg kg−1, buri kimwe. Ekikomo ky‘okukyebera (LOD) kikaba kiri 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid n’abandi. n‘okuha orupapura ngu ebisigarira bya melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato bikaba biri omu nkora ya 0.002–2 mg kg−1 kurabira omu kucondooza kwa Fourier okuhindura omu nkora y‘okucondooza (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai et al.27 bakaha enteekateeka y‘omuringo gwa HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) gw‘okutebereza melamine kandi bakatunga LOQ ya 0.08 μg mL−1 ahabw‘esaano y‘amate, eyabaire eri ahansi y‘omutindo ogwatungirwe omu kucondooza oku. Sun n’abandi. akakora RP-HPLC-DAD ey’okucondooza aha melamine omu mate g’amaizi barikukoresa okushohoza ebiriisa ebigumire (SPE). Bakatunga LOD na LOQ ya 18 na 60 μg kg−128, ekirikukirayo obukuru kukira okucondooza okuriho hati. Montesano n’abandi. akahamya oburungi bw‘omuringo gwa HPLC-DMD ogw‘okushwijuma ebiri omu melamine omu by‘okurya ebirimu puroteyini n‘ekikomo ky‘okupima 0.05–3 mg/kg, ekyabaire kitari ky‘omugasho munonga kukira omuringo ogwakoresiibwe omu kucondooza oku29.
Hatariho kubangaanisa, amakorero g’okucondooza nigakora omurimo muhango omu kurinda eby’obuhangwa barikureeba ebirikushiisha ebiri omu sampo zitari zimwe na zimwe. Kwonka okukoresa omubaro muhango gw‘ebintu ebirikukyebera n‘ebirikusheenya omu bwire bw‘okukyebera nikibaasa kurugamu okuhangaho ebisigarira by‘akabi. Nahabwekyo, green analytical chemistry (GAC) ekakorwa omu mwaka gwa 2000 kukyendeeza nari kwihaho ebizibu ebirikuruga omu nkora z‘okucondooza aha bakozi n‘eby‘obuhangwa26. Emiringo y’obuhangwa ey’okucondooza aha melamine erimu okukyebera, okukyebera amashanyarazi, okukyebera amashanyarazi g’omubiri, n’okukyebera okurikukwatanisa n’enzigye (ELISA) zikoresiibwe kukyebera melamine. Kwonka omu miringo mingi y‘okucondooza, ebikwato by‘okucondooza eby‘amashanyarazi bitungire omutima mwingi ahabw‘okuhurira kwabyo okurungi munonga, okutoorana, obwire bw‘okushwijuma obw‘ahonaaho, n‘emitwarize y‘okukoresa30,31. Green nanotechnology neekozesa emiringo y’ebihangirwe kuhangaho ebintu bya nano, ebirikubaasa kukyendeeza aha kureetaho kasasiro y’akabi n’okukoresa amaani, obwo erikutunguura okuta omu nkora enkora ezigumire. Nanocomposites, nk’eky’okureeberaho, ezikozirwe omu bintu ebitarikushiisha eby’obuhangwa, nizibaasa kukoresibwa omu bikwato ebirikukora aha by’amagara kureeba ebintu nka melamine32,33,34.
Okucondooza oku nikworeka ngu solid-phase microextraction (SPME) neekoresibwa gye ahabw’okukoresa amaani maingi n’okugumaho waagyeragyeranisa n’emiringo y’okushohoza ey’obuhangwa. Obutafaari bw’eby’obuhangwa n’okukoresa gye amaani ga SPME nibigihindura omuringo murungi gw’okushohoza eby’obuhangwa omu kucondooza kwa chemistry kandi neeha omuringo ogurikukirayo obuhango kandi ogurikukora gye omu kutebeekanisa sampo35.
Omu mwaka gwa 2013, Wu na bagyenzi be. akakora ekikwato ky‘okucondooza ekirikumanyisa ebiri aha itaka (mini-SPR) ekirikukoresa okuteerana ahagati y‘ebicweka by‘omubiri ebirikurwanisa melamine n‘ebirikurwanisa melamine kubaasa kumanya juba melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato barikukoresa immunoassay. SPR biosensor erimu n’ekikwato ky’okukyebera obutafaari bw’omubiri (okukoresa albumin y’eshagama y’ente erimu melamine) n’ekintu kyorobi kukoresa kandi eky’omuhendo mukye kandi ekiine ekikomo ky’okukyebera 0.02 μg mL-136 yonka.
Nasiri na Abbasian bakakozesa ekikwato ky’okupima ekirikutwarwa omu ngaro ekiine obushoboorozi bw’ahaiguru omu kugaita n’ebintu ebirimu graphene oxide-chitosan (GOCS) kubaasa kumanya ebiriisa bya melamine omu bishushani by’eby’obushuubuzi37. Omuringo ogu gukooreka okutoorana kw’ahaiguru munonga, okuhikiirira, n’okugarukamu. Ekimanyiso kya GOCS kyorekire okuhurira kw‘okutangaaza (239.1 μM−1), orurengo rw‘omuringo gumwe kuruga ahari 0.01 kuhika 200 μM, orurengo rw‘okuhurira orurikugumaho rwa 1.73 × 104, na LOD erikwingana 10 nM. Ekindi, okucondooza okwakozirwe Chandrasekhar na bagyenzi be. omu mwaka gwa 2024 bakakozesa enkora etarikushiisha eby’obuhangwa kandi etarikutwara sente nyingi. Bakakozesa ekirungo ky’amapapaya nk’ekintu ekirikukyendeeza aha nkora y’okukora ebiriisa bya zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) omu muringo ogutarikushiisha eby’obuhangwa. Okurugirira ahari ekyo, omuringo gw’omutaano ogwa micro-Raman spectroscopy gukakorwaho kubaasa kumanya melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana abato. ZnO-NPs ezirikuruga omu kasasiro y‘eby‘obuhingi ziyorekire obushoboorozi nk‘ekikwato ky‘omugasho ky‘okukyebera kandi tekinologiya erikwesigwa, ey‘omuhendo mukye ey‘okureeberera n‘okushanga melamine38.
Alizadeh n’abandi. (2024) bakakozesa omuhanda gw’okukyebera eby’ekyoma-ebihangirwe (MOF) ebirikukora gye munonga kubaasa kumanya melamine eri omu nshaho y’amate. Omubaro gw‘omutindo n‘ekikomo ky‘okumanyisa ahansi eky‘ekimanyiso, ekyamanyirwe barikukoresa 3σ/S, kikaba kiri 40 kuhika 396.45 nM (ekirikwingana 25 μg kg−1 kuhika 0.25 mg kg−1) na 40 nM (ekirikwingana 25 μg kg−1), nk‘oku biri. Omubaro ogu guri ahansi munonga y‘embeera z‘okusigaraho ezirikukirayo (MRLs) eziteirweho ahabw‘okumanyisa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato (1 mg kg−1) n‘ebindi by‘okurya/eby‘okurya (2.5 mg kg−1). Ekikwato ky’okupima ebiri omu mushana (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) kyorekire obuhikire bw’ahaiguru n’obushoboorozi bw’okupima obuhikire kukira HPLC39 omu kucondooza aha melamine omu nshaho y’amate. Biosensors na nanocomposites omu green chemistry tizirikwongyera aha busobozi bw’okucondooza kwonka kureka n’okukyendeeza akabi k’eby’obuhangwa omu kugyendera aha misingye y’entunguuka etarikuhwaho.
Emisingye ya Green chemistry ekoresiibwe omu miringo etari emwe n’emwe ey’okumanyisa melamine. Enkora emwe n‘okukora omuringo gw‘okushohoza ebiriisa ebikye ebirikujanjaara omu nkora ya kinyasi orikukoresa polar polymer β-cyclodextrin ey‘obuhangwa erikuteerana na citric acid ahabw‘okushohoza gye melamine 40 kuruga omu bishushani nk‘eby‘okurya by‘abaana abato n‘amaizi garikwotsya. Omuringo ogundi nigukoresa enkora ya Mannich omu kumanyisa melamine omu bishushani by’amate. Enkora egi n‘ey‘obuguzi bukye, neekwata aha by‘obuhangwa, kandi neehikiirira munonga n‘omubaro gw‘omuringo gumwe ogwa 0.1–2.5 ppm n‘ekikomo ky‘okukyebera kikye 41. Ekindi, omuringo ogutarikutwara sente nyingi kandi ogurikukwata aha by‘obuhangwa omu kumanyisa omubaro gw‘eby‘okurya bya melamine omu mate g‘omu maizi ga Fo ufra transformed na omu 1990. spectroscopy n’obuhikire bw’ahaiguru n’obugarukiro bw’okucondooza bwa 1 ppm na 3.5 ppm, buri kimwe 42. Emiringo egi neeyoreka okukoresa emisingye ya green chemistry omu kutunguura emiringo ehikire kandi egumire ey’okumanyisa melamine.
Okucondooza kwingi kuteekateekire aha miringo mirungi y‘okucondooza melamine, nk‘okukoresa okushohoza kw‘omubiri ogugumire n‘okucondooza kw‘amaizi g‘omubiri (HPLC)43, hamwe n‘okucondooza kw‘amaizi g‘omubiri (HPLC) okwa juba, okutarikwetengyesa okubanza kujanjaba okugumire nari ion-pair reducing reagents the chemi4. Enkora ezi tizirikuha ebyarugamu ebihikire eby’okumanyisa melamine omu bihingwa by’amate byonka, kureka n’okukuratira emisingye ya green chemistry, okukyendeeza aha kukoresa emibazi y’akabi n’okukyendeeza aha kabi k’eby’obuhangwa omu nkora y’okucondooza.
Sampuli makumi ana z‘emiringo etari emwe n‘emwe zikakyeberwa omu mirundi eshatu, kandi ebyarugamu nibiheebwa omu kipande kya 2. Emiringo ya melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘amate g‘obutunguru bikaruga ahari 0.001 kuhika ahari 0.004 mg/kg kandi kuruga ahari 0.001 kuhika ahari 0.095 mg/kg, nk‘oku biri. Tihariho mpindahinduka z‘amaani ezaareebekire ahagati y‘emyaka eshatu y‘okunywa eby‘okurya by‘abaana abato. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, melamine ekashangwa omu 80% z’amate g’obutunguru, kwonka 65% z’amate g’abaana abato gakaba garimu melamine.
Ekirungo kya melamine omu nshaho y‘amate g‘amakorero kikaba kiri ahaiguru kukira omu nshaho y‘abaana abato, kandi entaaniso ekaba eri mpango (p<0.05) (ekishushani 2).
Ebirugire omu kucondooza ebyatungirwe bikaba biri ahansi y‘empimbi ezaateirweho FDA (ahansi ya 1 na 2.5 mg/kg). Okwongyera ahari ekyo, ebyarugamu nibikwatagana n‘empimbi eziteirweho CAC (2010) na EU45,46, nikwo kugira ngu ekipimo ekikuru ekirikwikirizibwa ni 1 mg kg-1 aha by‘okurya by‘abaana abato na 2.5 mg kg-1 aha by‘okurya by‘amate.
Okurugirira aha kucondooza okwakozirwe omu mwaka gwa 2023 okwakozirwe Ghanati na bagyenzi be.47, ebiriisa bya melamine omu miringo etari emwe n’emwe y’amate agapakiirwe omuri Iran bikaba biri ahagati ya 50.7 kuhika ahari 790 μg kg−1. Ebirugire omu kucondooza kwabo bikaba biri ahansi y'ekikomo ekirikwikirizibwa FDA. Ebirugire omu kucondooza kwaitu biri ahansi y‘ebya Shoder na bagyenzi be.48 na Rima na bagyenzi be.49. Shoder n’abandi. (2010) bakashanga ngu omubaro gwa melamine omu nshaho y‘amate (n=49) ogwamanyirwe ELISA gukaba guri ahagati ya 0.5 kuhika ahari 5.5 mg/kg. Rima n’abandi. n’okushwijuma ebisigarira bya melamine omu nshaho y’amate barikukoresa eby’okureeberaho by’okureeba ebiri omu itaka kandi bakashanga ngu melamine eri omu nshaho y’amate ekaba eri 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. Okucondooza kukakorwa omuri Canada omu mwaka gwa 2011 kureeba ngu ebiriisa bya melamine biri omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato (n=94) barikukoresa eby‘okureeberaho by‘amaizi (LC/MS). Ebicweka bya melamine bikashangwa biri ahansi y‘ekipimo ekirikwikirizibwa (omutindo gw‘okubanza: 0.5 mg kg−1). Tikirikubaasika ngu emihendo ya melamine ey’obushuma eyashangirwe ekaba eri obukodyo oburikukoresibwa kwongyera aha puroteyini. Kwonka tikirikubaasa kushoboororwa okukoresa ebigimusa, okuhindura ebiri omu bidomora nari ebindi nk’ebyo. Ekindi, obukomooko bwa melamine omu nshaho y’amate agarikureeta omu ihanga rya Canada tibwamanyirwe50.
Hassani n’abandi. akapima ebiriisa bya melamine omu mate g’obutunguru n’amate g’amaizi omu katare ka Iran omu mwaka gwa 2013 kandi bakashanga ebyarugamu nibishushana. Ebirugiremu byorekire ngu okwihaho ekika kimwe ky’amate g’obutunguru n’amate g’amaizi, ebindi bishushani byona bikaba birimu obutwa bwa melamine, n’embeera zirikuruga ahari 1.50 kuhika ahari 30.32 μg g−1 omu nshaho y’amate na 0.11 kuhika ahari 1.48 μg ml−1 omu mate. Ekikuru, cyanuric acid terikushangwa omu sampo yoona, ekyakyendeeza aha kubaasa kw’okutunga obutwa bwa melamine aha baguzi. 51 Okucondooza okukozirwe enyima kukyebera oku melamine eri omu bintu bya chocolate ebirimu obutunguru bw‘amate. Ebicweka nka 94% ebyarugire aheeru y'ihanga hamwe na 77% ebyarugire Iran bikaba birimu ekirungo kya melamine. Omubaro gwa melamine omu sampo ezirugire aheeru y’ihanga gukaba guri ahagati ya 0.032 na 2.692 mg/kg, kandi ogw’omu sampo za Iran gukaba guri ahagati ya 0.013 kuhika ahari 2.600 mg/kg. Okutwarira hamwe, melamine ekashangwa omu 85% y‘eby‘okureeberaho, kwonka ekika kimwe kyonka eky‘omutaano kikaba kiine emihendo eri ahaiguru y‘ekipimo ekirikwikirizibwa.44 Tittlemier et al. akagamba aha rurengo rwa melamine omu nshaho y‘amate kuruga ahari 0.00528 kuhika ahari 0.0122 mg/kg.
Ekipande kya kashatu nikifunza ebyarugamu omu kucondooza aha kabi k‘emyaka eshatu. Akabi kakaba kari ahansi ya 1 omu guruupu z‘emyaka zoona. Nahabwekyo, tihaine kabi k‘amagara akatari ka kookoro kuruga omu melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana abato.
Emiringo y‘ahansi y‘okushiisha omu by‘okurya by‘amate neebaasa kuba neeruga omu kushiisha okutagyendereire omu bwire bw‘okutebeekanisa, kandi emitindo y‘ahaiguru neebaasa kuruga omu kwongyeraho omu kigyendererwa. Ekindi, akabi koona aha magara g‘omuntu kuruga omu kurya eby‘okurya ebiine ebiriisa bya melamine bikye nikatwarwaho nk‘akakye. Nikibaasa kushoboororwa ngu okurya ebintu ebirimu ebiriisa bya melamine ebikye nk‘ebi tikirikureetaho kabi koona aha magara g‘abakaikuru/abagurusi52.
Okuteekateeka aha bukuru bw‘okurinda eby‘okurya omu by‘amate, namunonga omu kurinda amagara g‘abantu, n‘eky‘omugasho munonga kukora n‘okuhamya omuringo gw‘okushwijuma n‘okugyeragyeranisa emihendo ya melamine n‘ebisigarira omu mate g‘obutunguru n‘eby‘okurya by‘abaana abato. Omuringo gworobi kandi oguhikire ogwa HPLC-UV spectrophotometric gukakorwaho kubaasa kumanya ebiriisa bya melamine omu by’okurya by’abaana abato n’omu nshaho y’amate. Omuringo ogu gukahamibwa kureeba ngu gwayesigwa kandi guhikire. Empimbi z‘okucondooza n‘okupima obuhango bw‘omuringo ogu zikworekwa kuba ziine obumanyiso oburikumara kupima omubaro gwa melamine omu by‘okurya by‘abaana n‘omu nshaho y‘amate. Okurugirira aha bihandiiko byaitu, melamine ekashangwa omu sampo nyingi eza Iran. Emiringo yoona eya melamine eyashangirwe ekaba eri ahansi y‘ekipimo ekirikukirayo oburikwikirizibwa ekyateirweho CAC, ekirikworeka ngu okurya eby‘okurya by‘amate eby‘emiringo egi tikurikureetaho kabi aha magara g‘omuntu.
Ebirungo byona ebyakozesiibwe bikaba biri eby’omutindo gw’okushwijuma: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% ebishemeire (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Omuringo gwa HPLC (Merck, Darmstadt, Bugirimaani); amaizi agarikwera munonga (Millipore, Morfheim, Bufaransa). Ebicweka by‘okushwijuma empiso ebirikukoresibwa omurundi gumwe (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, obuhango bw‘ebizimba 0.45 μm, oburaingwa bw‘ekibunu 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Bugirimaani).
Okwoga kw’omuyaga (Elma, Bugirimaani), ekikwato ky’okukyebera (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Bugirimaani) hamwe na HPLC (KNAUER, Bugirimaani) bikakoresibwa kutebeekanisa eby’okureeberaho.
Ekikwato ky’okukyebera amaizi eky’amaani (KNAUER, Germany) ekirimu ekikwato ky’okukyebera UV kikakoresibwa. Embeera z‘okushwijuma HPLC zikaba ziri nk‘ezi: enkora ya UHPLC Ultimate erimu enyomyo y‘okushwijuma ODS-3 C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, obuhango bw‘ebicweka 5 μm) (MZ, Bugirimaani) ekakoresibwa. Ekirungo kya HPLC (omuringo gw‘okugyenderamu) kikaba kiri omutaano gwa TFA/ethanol (450:50 mL) n‘omubaro gw‘okusheesheka gwa 1 mL edakiika-1. Oburaingwa bw’omuyaga ogw’okukyebera bukaba buri 242 nm. Omubaro gw’okuteera enjegyere gukaba guri 100 μL, obutagatsi bw’enyomyo bukaba buri 20 °C. Ahabw‘okugira ngu obwire bw‘okuguma omubazi nibumara obwire buraingwa (edakiika 15), ekikato ekirikurataho kiine kukorwa bwanyima y‘edakiika 25. Melamine ekamanyirwa aha kugyeragyeranisa obwire bw‘okugigumaho n‘enshonga y‘ahaiguru y‘erangi ya UV ey‘omutindo gwa melamine.
Omubazi gw’omutindo gwa melamine (10 μg/mL) gukatebeekanisibwa barikukoresa amaizi kandi gwabiikwa omu firiigi (4 °C) hare n’omushana. Dilute omubazi gwa stock n‘omuringo gw‘okugyenderamu kandi otebeekanise omubazi gw‘omutindo ogurikukora. Buri mubazi gw‘omutindo gukateebwa omu HPLC emirundi 7. Ekibaro ky‘okupima 10 kikabarwa omu kucondooza kwa regression aha mwanya gw‘enshonga ogwamanyirwe n‘okuta omutima aha kintu ekimanyirwe.
Amate g‘ente agarikushangwa omu katare (eby‘okureeberaho 20) n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘emiringo etari emwe n‘emwe y‘amate g‘ente g‘abaana abato (eby‘okureeberaho 20) bikagurwa kuruga omu maduuka makuru g‘omu kyanga n‘amaduuka g‘emibazi omuri Iran ahabw‘okuriisa abaana abato ab‘emyaka etari emwe n‘emwe (ameezi 0–6, ameezi 6–12 g‘obutagatsi (ameezi 6–12 g‘obutagatsi) °C) kuhitsya obu barashwijume. Bwanyima, 1 ± 0.01 g y’amate g’esaano y’okuteerana ekapimwa kandi yataburwa n’ekiriisa kya asetonitiri:amaizi (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Omutaano gukateebwa omu nkora kumara edakiika 1, bwanyima gwateebwa omu nkora ya ultrasonic bath kumara edakiika 30, kandi aha muheru gwateebwa omu nkora kumara edakiika 1. Omutaano ogu gukagaruka gwateebwa omu nkora ya centrifuge aha 9000 × g kumara edakiika 10 aha butagasi bw’omu kishengye kandi ebiri aha mutwe bikashwijumwa omu nshaho ya 2 ml autosampler barikukoresa ekishwijumwa ky’empiso kya 0.45 μm. Ekicweka eki (250 μl) kikagaruka kyataburwa n’amaizi (750 μl) kandi kyateebwa omu nkora ya HPLC10,42.
Okuhamya omuringo, tukamanya okugaruka omu buteeka, okuhikiirira, ekigarukwamu ky‘okushanga (LOD), ekigarukwamu ky‘okupima (LOQ), n‘okuhikiirira ahansi y‘embeera nungi. LOD ekashoboororwa nk‘ebiri omu sampo ebiine oburaingwa bw‘enshonga emirundi eshatu aha rurengo rw‘okuteera akaari rw‘okubanza. Aha rubaju orundi, ebiri omu sampo ebiine oburaingwa bw‘enshonga emirundi 10 y‘omubaro gw‘akamanyiso n‘eiraka bikashoboororwa nka LOQ.
Okugarukamu kw‘ekikwato kukamanyirwa aha kukoresa enkora y‘okugyezesa erimu enshonga mushanju z‘okucondooza. Ebirungo bya melamini ebitarikushushana bikakoresibwa (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 na 1.2). Omuringo gw’okubara melamine gukamanyirwa aha nkora y’okubara. Okwongyera ahari ekyo, emiringo etari emwe n’emwe eya melamine ekongyerwa aha sampo ezitarimu kintu kyona. Omubaro gw‘okupima gukakorwa barikuguma nibateera 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 y‘omubazi gwa melamine omu nkora y‘okunywa amate g‘abaana n‘eby‘okureeberaho by‘amate g‘obutunguru na R2 = 0.9925 yaayo. Okuhikiirira kukakyeberwa ahabw‘okugarukamu n‘okugaruka kuhandiika enkora kandi kukahikirizibwa ahabw‘okutaho eshampu aha biro by‘okubanza n‘ebiro bishatu ebyakuratsireho (omu nkora eshatu). Okugarukamu kw‘omuringo kukakyeberwa barikubara RSD % ahabw‘ebicweka bishatu by‘omubiri ebitarikushushana eby‘okwongyeramu melamine. Okucondooza aha kugaruka omu magara kukakorwa kubaasa kumanya okuhikire. Ekipimo ky‘okugaruka omu magara omu muringo gw‘okushohoza kikabarwa aha mitwe eshatu y‘okutaho melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) omu sampo z‘amate g‘abaana n‘amate agomire9,11,15.
Okutebereza kw‘okurya buri izooba (EDI) kukamanyirwa aha kukoresa enkora egi: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Aha Ci eri ahagati y‘ebiriisa bya melamine, Cc eri ahagati y‘okurya amate kandi BW eri ahagati y‘oburemeezi bw‘abaana.
Okushwijuma eby‘okureeberaho kukakorwa barikukoresa SPSS 24. Obugwagye bukakyeberwa barikukoresa ekigyezo kya Kolmogorov-Smirnov; ebihandiiko byona bikaba biri ebigyezo ebitari bya parametiri (p = 0). Nahabwekyo, ekigyezo kya Kruskal-Wallis n‘ekigyezo kya Mann-Whitney bikakoresibwa kureeba entaaniso mpango ahagati y‘ebicweka.
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